9 Stoichiometry

Handout 7b
STOICHIOMETRY
Is the quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
Mole method: the stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation can be interpreted

as the number of moles of each substance
2CO(g) + O2(g) 🡪 2CO2(g)
Steps:
1. Write the correct formula for reactants and products, and balance the resulting
equation.
2. Convert the quantities of some or all given or known substances into moles.
3. Use the coefficients in the balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of
the sought or unknown quantities in the problem.
4. Using the calculated number of moles and molar masses, convert the unknown
quantities to whatever units are required.
5. Check that your answer is reasonable in physical terms.
3 types of stoichiometric calculations:
In factor-label method, the unit factor is:

2 mol CO2 =1 or 1mol O2 = 1
1 mol O2 2 mol CO
Example:
All alkali metal reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas and the corresponding alkali
metal hydroxide. A typical reaction is that between lithium and water:
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 🡪 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
a. How many moles of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of 6.23 moles of
Li with water?
b. How many grams of H2 will be formed by the complete reaction of 80.57 g of Li
with water?
ANSWER (a)
Step 1: the balanced equation is already given.
Step 2: No conversion is needed (moles to moles)
Step 3: moles of H2 produced= 6.23 mol Li x 1 mol H2
2 mol Li
= 3.12 mol H2
Step 4: This step is not required
Step 5: We began with 6.23 moles of Li and produced 3.12 moles of H2. Since 2 moles of
Li produced 1 mole of H2, 3.12 moles is a reasonable quantity.
ANSWER (b)
Step 1: same reaction as above
Step 2: The number of moles of Li is given by
Moles of Li = 80.57 g Li x 1 mole Li = 11.61 mol Li
6.941 g Li
Step 3: Since 2 moles of Li produce 1 mole of H2, we calculate the number of moles of H2
as follows:
Moles of H2 produced = 11.61 moles Li x 1 mol H2 = 5.805 mol H2

2 mol Li
Step 4: From the molar mass of H2 (2.016 g), we calculate the mass of H2 produced:
Mass of H2 produced = 5.805 mol H2 x 2.016 g H2 = 11.70 g H2
1 mol H2
Step 5: Since the molar mass of H2 is smaller than that of Li and two moles of Li are
needed to produce one mole of H2, we expect the answer to be smaller than 80.57 g.
Shortcut: 80.57 g Li x 1 mole Li x 1 mol H2 x 2.016 g H2 = 11.70 g H2

6.941 g Li 2 mol Li 1 mol H2
===========================================
Practice 1:
The reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a
key step in photochemical smog formation.
2NO(g) + O2(g) 🡪 2NO2(g)
a. How many moles of NO2 are formed by the complete reaction of 0.254 mole of
O2?
b. How many grams of NO2 are formed by the complete reaction of 1.44g of NO?
Practice 2:
If 856 g of C6H12O6 is consumed by a person over a certain period what is the mass of
CO2 produced?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6CO2 + 6H2O
Practice 3:
Methanol (CH3OH) burns in air according to the equation:
2CH3OH + 3O2 🡪 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of ethanol are used up in a combustion process, what is the mass of H2O
produced?
LIMITING REAGENTS
Stoichiometric amounts: the proportions indicated by the balanced equation

Limiting reagent: the reactant used up first in the reaction
Excess reagent: the reactants present in quantities greater than necessary to react with
the quantity of limiting reagent.
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless and extremely stable compound. It is

formed by burning sulfur in an atmosphere of fluorine:
S(l) + 3F2(g) 🡪 SF6(g)
Suppose that 4 moles of S is added to 20 moles of F2.
4 mol S x 3 mol F2 = 12 mol F2
1 mol S
Let us compute the limiting reagent by calculating the moles of S needed to react with
20 moles of F2. In this case, we write
20 mol F2 x 1 mol S = 6.7 mol S
3 mol F2
Thus, limiting reagent is S and the excess reagent is F2.
Practice 4: Urea (NH2)2CO is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide.

2NH3(g) + CO2(g) 🡪 (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)
In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are allowed to react with 1142 g of CO2:
a. Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?
b. Calculate the mass of urea formed.
c. How much of the excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the reaction?
Practice 5: The reaction between aluminum and iron (III) oxide can generate
temperatures approaching 3000°C and is used in welding metals.
2Al + Fe2O3 🡪 Al2O3 + 2 Fe
In one process 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3.
a. Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
b. How much of the excess reagent is left at the end of the reaction.
REACTION YIELD
Theoretical yield: the amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagent
reacted.
Actual yield: the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction.
Percent yield: the proportion of actual yield to the theoretical yield.
% yield = actual yield x 100%
Theoretical yield

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Handout 7b

Mole method: the stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation can be interpreted

3 types of stoichiometric calculations:

In factor-label method, the unit factor is:

Moles of H2 produced = 11.61 moles Li x 1 mol H2 = 5.805 mol H2

Shortcut: 80.57 g Li x 1 mole Li x 1 mol H2 x 2.016 g H2 = 11.70 g H2

Stoichiometric amounts: the proportions indicated by the balanced equation

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless and extremely stable compound. It is

Practice 4: Urea (NH2)2CO is prepared by reacting ammonia with carbon dioxide.

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