GRID SECTION

EDIT SECTION
Lecture 2#
Grid Types
Corner Point
Block Centered
Radial
Unstructured (PEBI)
Corner Point
CP geometry uses the COORD and ZCORN keywords.
CP cells can take a much wider variety of shapes,
which eases modeling of complex geological structures
such as sloping faults, pinchouts and erosion surface.
CP geometry descriptions are much more complex
than block centered and the data are usually much
more voluminous.
Block Centered
Block Centered geometry uses the DX, DY, DZ and
TOPS keywords.
Block centered cells are rectangular and have horizontal
upper and lower surfaces and vertical sides.
Block centered models are treated entirely logically by
ECLIPSE that is cell 1,1,1 is connected to cell 1,2,1
regardless of the spatial location of those cells.
Block centered grids tend to be geometrically simpler,
the cells can be thought of as orthogonal, flat lying sugar
cubes arranged to approximate a 3 dimensional volume.
Radial
Radial models are used mostly for near wellbore
studies and uses DR, DTHETA, and DZ keywords.
Unstructured (PEBI)
The pore volume, transmissibility and ordering of the
cells is already pre-processed and not performed by
ECLIPSE.
These type of grids are always created using FloGrid.
Implications of Block Centered vs. Corner Point

Transmissibility
Comparison of Block Centered and Corner Point
Block Centered Corner Point
Cell description is simple Cell description can be complex
-Pre processor is not required -Pre processor is required
-Geometry data are small -Geometry data are voluminous
Geologic structures are modelled Geologic structures can be modelled
simplistically accurately
-Pinchouts and unconformities are -Pinchouts and unconformities can be
difficult to model modelled accurately
-Incorrect cell connections across faults --Layer contiguity across fault planes is
(you must modify transmissibility) accurately modelled.
 Radial vs Cartesian Models
Block Centered Corner Point
Cartesian Radial Cartesian Radial
NX, NY, NZ NR, NTHETA, NZ NX, NY, NZ NR, NTHETA, NZ
DX, DY, DZ (or DR (INRAD & COORD, ZCORN COORD, ZCORN
D*V form) OUTRAD), DTHETA,
DZ (or D*V form)
PERMX, PERMR, PERMTHT, PERMX, PERMY, PERMR, PERMTHT,
PERMY, PERMZ PERMZ PERMZ PERMZ
MULTX, etc MULTR, etc.. MULTX, etc.. MULTR, etc…
Data Organization and Reading Conventions
Cartesian Grids
Radial
Unstructured (PEBI)
GRID cell properties
List of keyword that used to activate or inactivate cells:
ACTNUM : Explicitly sets the behavior of each cell. 0
indicate the cell is inactive. 1 indicate the cell is active.
MINPV : Indicates a minimum pore volume for a cell to
be active.
PINCH : Indicates a minimum thickness for a cell to be
active.
ECLIPSE will automatically inactivates any cell with
zero pore volume.
Assigning Grid Cell Properties
If the cell properties was defined by using FloGrid
during the upscaling and exported to a file. To include
that file use the following keyword:
INCLUDE
grainne_props.grdecl /
Local Grid Refinement (LGR)
An alternative that allows us to define a local grid in an area of
interest which has a separate resolution to the original global grid.
The cells in the local grid may inherit their properties from the
corresponding global cells or may be specified explicitly.
LGR has been used to successfully model many different situations
including:
Large pressure changes in the vicinity of a wellbore.
Coning and cusping
Condensate dropout
Undulating horizontal wells
Areas of high well density
Fields which share a common aquifer
Cartesian Refinement
Choose which global cells to refine.
Decide on the size of the local grid refinement.
Insert CARFIN.
Amalgamate local grid refinements.
Radial LGR
Choose which global cells to refine
Decide on the size of the local grid refinement
Insert RADFIN, INRAD and OUTRAD, update LGR
Remember to update the RUNSPEC section.
Adjusting the size of LGR
Define the number of local cells in each of the global host cells.
The keywords NXFIN and NYFIN are used to specify the
number of local cells in the x and y direction of each global host
cell for Cartesian refinements. NZFIN is used to specify the
number of local cells in the z direction of each global host cell
(Cartesian and Radial).
Define the ratios for splitting the global host cells into local
cells. The keywords HXFIN, HYFIN and HZFIN for Cartesian
and HRFIN and HZFIN for Radial.
Conclude local grid specification (only if property of
modification is not required). Keyword ENDFIN is used to
conclude the specification of your new refinement.
Transmissibility Calculation
An Non Neighbor Connections (NNC) is
automatically assigned by ECLIPSE any time a corner
point cell contacts another cell with a non adjacent IJK
index.
NNC may be created by:
Pinchouts and unconformities (PINCH and/or
MINPV)
Faults
Aquifers
LGR and LGC
Radial models
Dual porosity/permeability models
User defined NNC
Example of Direction of Direct Connection
Cartesian transmissibility equations:
NEWTRAN : the harmonic average of half cell
transmissibilities. It is the default method for corner
point grids.
OLDTRAN : the (harmonic average of
permeability)*(arithmetic average of area). OLDTRAN
is the default method for block centered grids.
OLDTRANR : an alternate approach for block
centered grids. It is the harmonic average of
(permeability * area) and can be obtained by
specifying the keyword in GRID section.
OUTPUT Control
The output keywords commonly used in the GRID section:
RPTGRID
BOUNDARY
GRIDFILE
INIT
The printed output specified by RPTGRID may be voluminous,
and it is common to use BOUNDARY keyword to limit the
information written to the PRT file.
To view the grid in a post processor (Petrel, FloViz, FloGrid or
Office), the preferred format is an *egrid.
GRIDFILE
01/
INIT
All quantities defined in the GRID section that have
one value per cell (that is porosity, permeability (x,y,z)
net to gross, and so on).
Saturation functions (capillary pressure and relative
permeability)
PVT table data
Subdivisions of the reservoir as defined in the
REGIONS section
NNC information for NNC plots in Office
EDIT Section
Carried out as an optional for adjustment to the GRID
section output.
Many keywords are available:
DEPTH, PORV, TRAN (X, Y, R, THT or Z)
Operator keyword : MULTIPLY, BOX, EQUALS, COPY ADD,
MINVALUE and MAXVALUE.
Special keyword : EDITNNC, MULTFLT, MULTPV.
For transmissibility modifications, it is important to
remember that none of the TRAN keywords affect the NNC
transmissibilities across faults. However, with the MULT
family keywords, NNC transmissibilities are affected.
EXERCISE
Reservoir geometry descriptions in corner point styles
and work with basic rock properties for 3D grid.
KZ/KX = 0.1 throughout the reservoir.
A corner point geometry representation of the
reservoir has been exported from petrel –
SNARK.GRDECL.
Layer Kx, Ky mD Poro
1 231 0.17
2 244 0.17
3 29 0.06
4 250 0.17
5 257 0.17
6 191 0.17
7 333 0.19
8 334 0.19
9 291 0.18
10 335 0.18
11 287 0.18
12 262 0.17
Include the SNARK.GRDECL file into your GRID
section.
Request output of the grid geometry file (EGRID), the
static reservoir properties file (INIT), the X direction
transimissibility and all non neighbor connections
(PRT file).
Run the SNARK.DATA
View the result in FloViz
Thank You…