Development of Regenerative Braking

system using Supercapacitors for

Electric Vehicles.
Presented by: Under the guidance of
Allama Prabhu H P Dr.R.Chidanandappa
Ananya Asst. Professor
Vinay Kumar K S
Srinivasa S

Department of Electrical & Electronics

Engineering,
The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore.
 Introduction
• In conventional Braking System, brake pads produce
friction with the brake rotors to slow or stop the
vehicle. Additional friction is produced between the
slowed wheels and the surface of the road. This friction
converts the kinetic energy of the wheels into heat.
• A Regenerative Braking system on the other hand is an
energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle
down by converting its kinetic energy into another
form, which can be either used immediately or stored
until needed.
 Objective
• To develop the working model of regenerative
braking system using Supercapacitors for
Electric Vehicles and to calculate the energy
efficiency of the system.
• To Determine the performance of
Regenerative Braking system using
Supercapacitors.
 
Principle of regenerative braking system
• Regenerative braking is based on the principle of
law of conservation of energy which states that
energy cannot be destroyed, it can only be
transformed from one form to another.
• The most common form of regenerative brake
involves using an electric motor as an electric
generator. The generated electricity is fed back into
the supply system, whereas in battery electric and
hybrid electric vehicles, the energy is stored
chemically in a battery.
Supercapacitors as Energy storage devices

• In contrast to the traditional batteries, the Supercapacitors

have higher power density, and it is more reasonable for
the large amount of braking energy to be quickly charged
into Supercapacitors by proper transformation from
kinetic energy to electrical energy. Therefore, the
Supercapacitors can greatly enhance energy savings and
consequently extend the driving range.
• The ability of Supercapacitors to get charged quickly
enables its application in Regenerative braking systems to
capture the intermittent energy.
Components Used
XL6009 DC-DC booster
2 channel relay module
ACS 712 current sensor
Supercapacitor energy storage system
Charging Characteristics
Discharging Characteristics for LED
 Equations
• Energy =

 Where Ceq is the equivalent Capacitance of the

series connected Supercapacitors.
• The power can be calculated by using the formula
P=V*I.
• During running mode, the motor consumes power to
run in the forward mode. The average power taken by
the motor to run in the forward mode is calculated by
using the Equation , where i is time in seconds, t is the
time period of motor operation in forward running
mode.
• During regenerative braking mode, the motor runs in
the generating mode generating some power. The
average power during this mode can be calculated
using the Equation , where i is time in seconds, t’ is the
time period of motor operation in the regenerative
braking mode.
Block diagram of the proposed model
Hardware model of the prototype
 Working
During motoring operation
During mechanical braking operation
During regenerative braking operation
RESULTS
 1 0 0.1 0
2 11.73 1.81 21.23
3 11.90 1.17 13.92
4 11.90 1.27 15.11
5 12.05 0.93 11.20
6 12.12 0.68 8.24
7 12.15 0.63 7.65
8 12.19 0.54 6.58
9 12.19 0.54 6.58
10 12.19 0.63 7.67
11 12.22 0.54 6.58
12 12.24 0.59 7.22
13 12.24 0.49 5.99
14 12.24 0.44 5.38
15 12.22 0.59 7.20
 2 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74
3 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74
4 4 2.88 0.00 0.00 2.74
5 5 2.96 0.54 1.59 2.76
6 6 2.88 0.39 1.13 2.77
7 7 2.96 0.34 1.00 2.77
8 8 2.88 0.29 0.84 2.78
9 9 2.91 0.29 0.85 2.78
10 10 2.88 0.29 0.84 2.79
11 11 2.88 0.44 1.29 2.80
12 12 2.88 0.34 1.00 2.81
13 13 2.86 0.20 0.56 2.81
14 14 2.86 0.05 0.14 2.81
15 15 2.88 0.15 0.42 2.82
Time Voltage(Volts) Current(amps) Power(watts) Voltage across
(sec)   supercapacitor
(volts)

1 8.99 -0.44 3.95 2.86

2 7.21 -0.34 2.45 2.88
3 5.55 -0.24 1.33 2.90
4 4.91 -0.39 1.91 2.91
5 2.86 -0.39 1.11 2.92
6 2.32 -0.20 0.46 2.93
7 1.71 -0.15 0.25 2.94
8 1.20 -0.20 0.24 2.94
9 0.42 -0.15 0.06 2.94
10 0 -0.10 0.00 2.94
 Comparison of Different Cases
Cases Motor Motor Power Energy stored in
Power Power conserve supercapacitor(J)
input output d
(watts) (watts) In
percenta
ge
A 12.47 1.84 14.75% 0.666
B 13.50 2.04 15.11% 1.214
C 14.90 2.39 16.04% 2.534

For N=1024Rpm
 Results for N=1600rpm

Cases Motor Motor Power Energy

Power Power conserved stored in
input output In supercapa
(watts) (watts) percentag citor
e

A 13.12 2.02 15.39 0.601

B 14.20 2.28 16.05 1.040
C 15.01 2.73 18.18 2.150
Advantages of Regenerative Braking System
Advantages:
• Reduction in engine wears.
• Reduction in Brake Wear- reducing cost of replacement
brake linings, cost of labour to install them and vehicle
down time.
• Emissions reduction- engine emissions reduced by
engine decoupling, reducing total engine revolutions
and total time of engine operation.
• In other forms of braking , the kinetic energy is
dissipated in the form of heat , in this case it is
conserved.
 Applications
• One theoretical application of regenerative braking would be in a
manufacturing plant that moves material from one workstation
plant that moves material from one workstation to another on a
conveyer system that stops at each point.
• Regenerative braking is used in some elevator and crane hoist
motors.
• Regenerative braking systems are also used in electric railway
vehicle (London Underground & Virgin Trains).
• Modern hybrid and electric cars both utilize an electric engine to
power the car which makes applying regenerative braking very
simple and efficient. In the vast majority of these cars, the
transmission of the car is set up such that when the driver applies
the brakes, the electric motor reverses itself and applies a
resistance to the wheels rather than power.
 Conclusions
• The prototype model of Regenerative Braking System is
successfully developed and is experimented under varying
time periods of running.
• The inertia of the wheels will make the motor to run in
generating mode for 10 -12 seconds which will generate a
variable dc voltage of varying in the range of 4V-10V.
• The total power developed by the motor during both
mechanical braking period and regenerative braking period
depends on the speed of the motor during forward running
mode, the time period of operation of the motor in the forward
running mode and the inertia of the wheel assembly.
• The comparison between different cases as shown in the above
tables shows that the power conserved in the system increases
with the increase in the speed of the motor.
• The energy stored in the Supercapacitors during the braking
period also depends on the time period of running of the motor
in the forward motoring mode. It is evident from the tables
shown in the results.
• The charging of the Supercapacitors depends on the time
period of running of the motor in the forward mode. If the
running time is longer, then the voltage rise on the
Supercapacitors is also high.
• Since the charging rate of batteries is much slower than that of
Supercapacitors, it is evident that the Supercapacitors energy
storage unit cannot be connected back to the battery in the
system. So the system is operated in the open loop condition
itself.