Hello Class Lecture: 1.

1 Introduction to Control Systems

Control Systems EngiTech

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Undergraduate BSc Electrical, Electronics
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Lecture 1.1
Introduction to Control Systems
Prepared by
Engr. Dr. Muhammad
Farhan
Email: [email protected]

@farhan. M Lecture: 1.1 Introduction to Control Systems 1

Hello Class Course Description

Course Description
Classical Control or Modern Control
Conventional Control • State Space Modelling
• Transfer Function • Eigenvalue Analysis
• System Modelling • Observability and Controllability
• Block Diagrams • Solution of State Equations
• Signal Flow Graphs (state Transition Matrix)
• System Analysis • State Space to Transfer Function
• Time Domain Analysis • Transfer Function to State Space
• Frequency Domain Analysis • State Space Design Techniques
• Stability Analysis
• Bode Plots, Nyquist Plots
• Root Locus
• PID Control

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@farhan. M Lecture 1.1 Course Description 2
Hello Class Prerequisites and Books

Prerequisites and Books

• Differential equations
• Laplace Transforms
• Love to multiply and add things.

• Books generally followed by different universities

1. Control Systems Engineering by Norman S. Nise.
2. Modern Control Engineering by Katsuhiko Ogata.
3. Automatic Control Systems by Benjamin C. Kuo
4. Control Systems Engineering by U. V. Bakshi

• MATLAB software might be required for verification of

@farhan. M
solutions Lecture 1.1 Prerequisites and Books
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Hello Class Introduction

What is a Control System?

• Control
❖Control means to regulate, to direct or to command.
• Control system
❖A control system is an interconnection of components
forming a system configuration that will provide a desired
system response.

• Automatic control is an important and integral part of

space-vehicle systems, robotic systems, modern
manufacturing systems, and any industrial operations
involving control of temperature, pressure, humidity, flow,
etc.
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@farhan. M Lecture 1.1 What is a Control System? 4
Hello Class Basic Definitions

Some Basic Terminologies: Definitions

• System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.
• Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system
configuration that will provide a desired response.
• The portion of a system which is to be controlled or regulated is called the plant
or the Process. The input and output relationship represents the cause-and-effect
relationship of the process.
• The element of the system itself or external to the system which controls the plant
or the process is called controller
• The controlled variable is the quantity or condition that is measured and
controlled. Normally controlled variable is the output of the control system.

Inp Process Outp

ut ut
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@farhan. M Lecture 1.1 Some Basic Terminologies: Definitions 5
Hello Class Basic Definitions

Some Basic Terminologies: Definitions

• The control signal or manipulated variable is the quantity or condition that is
varied by the controller so as to affect the value of the controlled variable.
• A disturbance is a signal that tends to adversely affect the value of the output of a
system. If a disturbance is generated within the system, it is called internal
disturbance. While an external disturbance is generated outside the system.
• Control means measuring the value of controlled variable of the system and
applying the manipulated variable to the system to correct or limit the deviation
of the measured value from a desired value.
Manipulated
Variable
Input
or Output
Set Controller Process Or
point Controlled
or Variable
referen 6
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Hello Class History

History of Control Engineering (Notable Work)

Year Work
1769 James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam engine in the eighteenth
century.
1868 J. C. Maxwell formulates a mathematical model for a governor control of a steam engine.
1922 Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships.
1927 H. S. Black conceives of the negative feedback amplifier and H. W. Bode analyzes
feedback amplifiers.
1932 H. Nyquist develops a method for analyzing the stability of systems
1940s Frequency-response methods
1950s PID controllers to control pressure, temperature.
1970 State variables method and optimal control developments.
1994 Feedback control system widely used in automobile.

1995 The GPS was operational providing positioning and navigation.

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Hello Class Dynamical System

Dynamical System
• Any controls course is generally about dynamic. dynamical systems
are dynamic because they change its state with time
• Physicists and engineers like to represent dynamic systems with
equations
Examples:
• Pendulum motion of a wall clock,
• Speed of a car
• The flow of liquid through pipe
• Body temperature
• Burning of fuel in rocket

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Hello Class Applications

Control Engineering: the Glue that Stitches Engineering

Fields
• Examples: switching power regulators (depend on control/feedback)
• Communication engineer: strengthen signals via feedback and Controls
• Mechanical engineer: minimize vibrations and regulate damping
(design isolation control system)
• Civil engineer: build a damping system to battle earthquakes
• Industrial engineer: design a PID controller for a robotic arm in a Factory
• Aerospace engineer: air-traffic control, aircraft speed control,
disturbance/wind rejection

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