Science, Technology and Society

UNIT 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Developments

Historical Antecedents in Which

Module 1 Social Considerations Changed the
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Course of Science and Technology

By: Diana A. Villanueva
Cavite State University – Imus Campus
 Science and
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Technology

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Chapter

in the World
 Objectives
1.) Understand how science and technology has changed over the
past century.

2.) Describe the roles of the different sectors of the society in the
development of science across ages.

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Chapter 3.) Enumerate the technological advancements from ancient age to
date.

4.) Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect

society and environment.

5.) Explain the importance of the social media sites to modern day
living.

6.) Be familiar with the important key elements in the

communication process.
 Three-age system - A system of classifying ancient
ages into groups based on tools
developmental stages.
Scientific Revolution -Period of great scientific
intellectual achievements that
contributed to essential
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Chapter changes in scientific
KEY investigations.
CONCEP Industrial Revolution Period
- of complex
TS technological investigations
that eventually replaced
human and animal forces.
Information Age - or digital age; the period
characterized by the change
from traditional industry to an
economy that is founded on
computerization of information.
 Three-age system
- A system of classifying ancient
ages into groups based on tools
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Chapter developmental stages.

Christian Jurgensen Thomsen

- An archeologist and a curator of the National

Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen who
introduced the Three-Age System in early 19th
century, through his book entitled “Guide to
Scandinavian Antiquity”.
 ANCIENT AGE : Three – Age System

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Chapter

20142.5 mya – 3000 BC 3000 BC – 1200 1500 BC – 450 AD

BC
STONE AGE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE
ANCIENT
AGE
 - Weapons made of stone, wood, bone or
some other materials aside from metals.

- Subdivided by John Lubbock into

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Chapter “Palaeolithic” and “Neolithic” periods.
STONE
AGE - The transitional period between late
palaeolithic to early Neolithic was termed
as Mesolithic by John Allen Brown in
1892.
- Stone period are based mainly on
technological advancement and not on
actual date.
 PALAEOLITHI - Longest phase of human history.
C
Old Stone - Humans evolve from ape-like creature
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to a true Homo sapiens.
Chapter
STONE - Hunters and gatherers.
AGE - Live in small bands and were either
nomadic or semi-nomadic moving
consistently or migrating between
temporary settlements, respectively,
depending on food availability.
 MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD

-simple tools
PALAEOLITHI such as stone
C choppers
Old Stone
believed to be
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Chapter made more than
STONE a million year
AGE ago by one of our
earliest
ancestors,
Australopithecus.
 MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD

- Neanderthals
PALAEOLITHI were cavemen
C
Old Stone
known to use
fire, stone tools
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Chapter of flake types
STONE for hunting,
AGE and bone
implements
such as needles
for sewing body
coverings made
of animal furs
and skins.
 UPPER PALAEOLITHIC PERIOD

PALAEOLITHI
C
Old Stone

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Chapter
STONE
AGE

- Homo sapiens groups like Cro-Magnon man

dominated the Upper Palaeolithic period. This period
was known for communal hunting, extensive fishing,
supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting,
and making personal ornaments out of bone, horns
 MESOLITHIC
Middle Stone

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Chapter
STONE
AGE

- People began to learn fishing along rivers and lake shores,

make pottery and use bow.

- They made use of stone tools known as microliths which were

comparatively smaller and more delicate than those of
Palaeoliths.
 MESOLITHIC
Middle Stone

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Chapter
STONE
AGE

- People began to learn fishing along rivers and lake shores,

make pottery and use bow.

- They made use of stone tools known as microliths which were

comparatively smaller and more delicate than those of
Palaeoliths.
 NEOLITHIC
New Stone

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Chapter
STONE
AGE

- Cultural and technological development was based

primarily on agriculture.

- Characterized by domestication of plants and

animals.
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BRONZE
AGE

- Tools and weapons were already widely made with

copper and bronze.

- Smelting is a process of extracting metal from or

involving heating and melting.

- Sumerians of Mesopotamia discovered that a harder and

stronger metal could be made by blending copper and
 DATE EVENT
The Bronze Age (3700 BC-500 BC) The bronze
age started at different areas of the world
at different times. The knowledge of how
3700 BC to mix the copper and tin moved slowly
from place to place, plus many areas had
no tin and/or copper to make the new
metal.

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Module Near and Middle East (3769 BC) Bronze was
already in use at this time. No one knows
BRONZE exactly where or how bronze was first
AGE 3769 BC discovered. By around 3500 BC, farm tools
and weapons were being made of this
new metal in these areas.

Bronze Age began in Bohemia (3500 BC-3001

BC) Bronze was used in the Mediterranean
and Eastern European areas. This new
3500 BC metal was expensive to make, plus a
craftsman was needed to make this new
alloy.
 DATE EVENT
Indus Valley (about 2500 BC) The Indus
Valley civilization in India was a large early
trading center. Bronze tools, weapons,
2500 BC statuary, jewelry, and even toys were
discovered from this time period.

China (2400 BC) The Longshan people of

China lived from around 3000 BC to 2400
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2400 BC

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BC. Toward the end of this period, they
Module used bronze to make tools and weapons.
BRONZE
AGE Europe (2300 BC) The Bronze Age started
about 2300 BC in Europe. Few tools were
2300 BC made in the beginning but by 1200 BC,
bronze replaced all stone tools.

Yellow River Valley (1700 BC or so) The Shang

Dynasty of China used bronze regularly. They
even set up bronze-working communities.
1700 BC Around 1200 BC, Lady Hao, the wife of King
Wuding, died and was buried with many items
for the afterlife including bronze vessels,
armor, bells, tools, knives, and tigers.
 DATE EVENT
Mycenaean Civilization (1650 The
BC)
Mycenaean civilization, located in
present-day Greece, used bronze until
1650 BC about 1100 BC. The southern coastal
community of Phylos had 400 laborers in
their bronze-working industry.

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Egypt (1640 BC) The Egyptians did not have
Module 1640 BC bronze until they were invaded by the
BRONZE Hyksos around 1640 BC.
AGE
Start of the Middle Bronze Age (1500 BC)
Bronze started to be found in Western
Europe. The undeveloped areas of
1500 BC Northern Europe did not use bronze until
about 1000 BC.

Alps and Central and Eastern Europe (1250

BC) Around this time, bronze swords and
1250 BC helmets were made in these areas.
 DATE EVENT
Yellow River Area, China (1122 BC-221
BC) After the defeat of the Shang
3700 BC Dynasty, the Chou Dynasty continued
to use bronze-working techniques
until iron was introduced after 770 BC.

Korea (100 BC) The Chinese were the

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3769 BC ones who eventually introduced
Module bronze-working to the Koreans around
BRONZE 1000 BC.
AGE
Japan (300 BC) The Japanese used
bronze and iron tools at this that
might have been brought over from
3500 BC South Korea. The Bronze age, though
it developed slowly, was a tremendous
time of technological advancement
that helped early civilizations flourish
and expand.
Chapter21

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IRON
AGE

- 1500 BC – 450 BC
- Began when smelting pits made sufficient
advancement to produce higher
temperatures that could smelt iron ore.
MIDDLE
AGE
Chapter21 - Began in 450 A.D. – 1450 A.D.

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MIDDLE - Subdivided into two smaller ages:
AGE -Dark (450-1000 A.D.)
-High Middle (1000-450 A.D.)
 CHINA
Farming largely began in Huang Ho and Yangtze Rivers.
Agriculture
and Economy Large-scale silk production started.
Bronze production became more sophisticated.

Physics
● Weight is force.

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● Motion is caused by force and stops by obstruction.
Module ● Convex and concave mirrors give virtual and an
inverted image, respectively.
● Studies on magnetism arose.
Astronomy
● Calendars with 365 and ¼ days in a year were
Science developed.
2500 BC ● Circle was divided into 365 and ¼ degrees.
● Stars, planets, comets, meteors and eclipses were
catalogued and described.
● Various models of the universe presented.
Mathematics
● Numbers were expressed in decimals.
● Knowledge on determining square roots was
introduced.
● Sliding calipers were widely used in artisan works.
 CHINA
Medical Biology
Science ● Diseases were believed to be caused by excess of: heat, cold,
2500 BC light, darkness, wind and rain.
● Exercise, water therapy and wine anesthesia were usually
prescribed by physicians to patients.
● Diagnoses involved observations, auscultation, questioning and
pulse counting.
● Acupuncture began to effectively cure the most known body
illness.

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The following were some of the major Chinese
Module technological advancements during the Middle Ages.
1. Paper – for writing and even clothing, wall décor, art.
2. Seismograph – a vibration-sensitive device for earthquake
detection.
3. Animal harness.
4. Water-power – for grinding and metallurgical bellow
operations.
Technology 5. Mechanical clock.
6. Hydraulic engineering works – include waterway controls,
irrigation and tax grain transport.
7. Wheel barrow.
8. Gun powder, guns and cannon – as part of explosive weapon
development.
9. Printing press – led to mass production of paper money and
Confucian works.
10. Magnetic compass and stern-post rudder – made of
loadstones, a naturally occurring magnetic iron.
 EUROPE
Feudal system fully developed in Europe and had
defined its economic history. It depended on local
agriculture and handicraft production and was
characterized by having the following hierarchical ranks
Economy in the society:
Peasant->Lord->Lay or Clerical->Overlords->Kings and

Pope or Emperors<-Bishops

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Module The Church provided the intellectual and administrative
expression of the feudal system.

Cathedral schools, which then became universities,

were established to address the societal need for
intellectual advancement. Some of these universities
arose in the following European areas:
● Paris (1160)
Education ● Oxford (1167)
● Cambridge (1209)
● Padua (1221)
● St. Andrew (1410)
● Napples (1224)
● Salamanca (1227)
 EUROPE
Listed below are the major discoveries and
inventions in Europe during the middle ages:
1. Horse-collar – pulls on the horse’s shoulders which
enabled them to be used for ploughing and for
wagon; a Chinese innovation which came to Europe.
2. Clock/watch – a European development from a
Chinese clock form which introduced the to-and-fro
Technology motion, thus giving birth to mechanical clock.
3. Magnetic compass – a piece of magnetic device
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originating from China that showed direction and
Module helped European mariners.
4. Water-mill and windmill – a Stone Age-invention
which was used widely in Europe during the Middle
Ages; used a rotary motion converted to reciprocal
motion to generate power.
5. Lenses with spectacles – helped in optical studies
by aiding in focusing light rays and in magnification.
6. Gunpowder and cannon – originally from China;
aided in various military activities.
7. Paper and printing – originated from China and
reached Europe; widely used as writing material and
for book production.
 EUROPE
Superstition and dogmatism flourished.

Medicine Diagnosis was generally limited for urine inspection.

Medical therapy involved magic, prayer, charms, faith
healing and the use of different herbs.
There was poor hygiene and sanitation in general.

INDIA
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Module Information on diseases and drugs, and astronomical
bodies

Science Diagnosis was generally limited for urine inspection.

Medical therapy involved magic, prayer, charms, faith
healing and the use of different herbs.
There was poor hygiene and sanitation in general.
Chapter21

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- Thrived in by three groups of
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Pre- people: MAYAN, AZTEC and
Columbia INCAS.
n
America
 Mayan
Civilization
(ancient natives of
Central America)

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Module 1
Module Pyramids made of limestone were built by the Mayans.

Infrastructure Mayan houses were made of poles and leaves of palms.

Large sculptures served for recording of significant
Mayan events.

Economy Cocoa beans were used as monetary units.

Mayans used decimal notations with zero represented
by an oval shape, while other numbers with dots and
Astronomy dashes.
Mayan solar calendar was developed consisting of 365
days in a year, comprising 18 months of 20 days.
Positions of different heavenly bodies were observed
and recorded.
 Aztec
Civilization
(pre-Columbian
Indians of Mexico)

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Infrastructure High temples were built for their deities.

Decimal notations were used, in which zero was
similarly represented by an oval shaped and other
Astronomy numbers by dots and dashes.
A social calendar was developed with 365 days for a
total of 18 months.
 Inca
Civilization
(pre-Columbian of
Peru)

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Farming was practiced in terraced field with canals for

irrigation.
Agriculture
Chili and avocado were widely cultivated.
Clothes from llama and alpaca wools were made.

Decimal system of counting was used.

Astronomy
A calendar of 365 days was developed.
SCIENTIFIC (1440-1690 AD)
REVOLUTIO
N
 Universe Model
01
(by Nicolaus Copernicus)

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This describes the sun as the center of the
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universe, and that the earth and other
planets revolve around it in circles. This
also suggests that the distance from the sun
determines the arrangement of planets and
stars: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Jupiter,
Saturn and Stars.
 Law of Planetary Motion
02
(by Johannes Kepler)

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This states that all planets revolve around
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the sun in elliptical, not circular, orbits;
and that closer planets to the sun move
faster than the others.
 Work of Motion
03
(by Galileo Galilei)

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This involves the discovery of the relations among distance,
velocity, acceleration and the law of inertia using a new
scientific approach as follows:
a. Definition of concepts
b. Expression of the relationship of concepts
c. Giving precise hypothesis
d. Deduction of consequences from hypothesis
e. Experimentation to test the consequences
f. Analysis in terms of abstract and ideal situation
 Law of Motion
04
(by Isaac Newton)

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a. 1st Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) – it states that an
object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object
will remain moving with the same speed and direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

b. 2nd Law of Motion – it states that acceleration is

produced when a force acts on a mass.

c. 3rd Law of Motion – this law states that for every

action, there is an equal and an opposite reaction.
 Law of Universal
05
Gravitation
(by Isaac Newton)

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This law states that a particle in the
universe attracts every other universal
particle using a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely to the square of the
distance between their centers.
INDUSTRIA (1750-1895 AD)
REVOLUTIO
L
N
 PRODUCT
CLASSIFICATION INVENTION DESCRIPTION/EFFECT
Fly-shuttle A spinning machine for increased
weaving speed
Water-frame Strong spun thread for ward
Textile
Rude power loom For mechanized weaving

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operations
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Module Cotton gin For separation of cotton from
seeds
Use of coke for iron Non-malleability
smelting
Blast furnace For cheaper and faster smelting of
iron
Coal, iron and Pudding furnace For maintenance of low
steel temperature
Manufacturing cylinder For construction of iron bridge and
methods ship
Open-heart process Finer steel
 PRODUCT
CLASSIFICATION INVENTION DESCRIPTION/EFFECT
Mile-long canals Marked the beginning of canal-
building era in England
Steam boat Could travel a 20-mile long
distance

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Transportation Macadamizing More durable model roads

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Module Puffing Billy Could pull 8 coal wagons at 5 mph
Steam locomotive with Could run at a speed of 29 mph
steam blast
Steam ship Was able to cross the Atlantic
Electric telegraph For sending or receiving messages
using electric transmission over
wire
Communi- Telephone For long distance communication
cation using wire and radio signals
Radio For wireless communication using
electromagnetic waves
 PRODUCT
CLASSIFICATION INVENTION DESCRIPTION/EFFECT
Gas lightning Lightning by burning gas

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Bunsen burner Uses gas and air for an intensely

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hot blue flame
Module Lightning
Electric light Made use of bulb for lightning
Seed drill For even spacing of seeds in soils
Agriculture Marling practice For increased soil fertility
Stock breeding Widely adopted by the agricultural
sector
18 – 19
TH TH

CENTURY
 FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Charles-Augustine de Law on electrostatic
Coloumb interaction and frictional
electrostatic
instrumentation
Alessandro Volta Cell or Battery
Hans Christian Oested Idea that electricity

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generates magnetism

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Module Andre-Marie Ampere Ampere’s Law to tell how
electric current produces
Physics magnetism
Paul Erman Made first measurement
of Earth’s magnetism
Michael Faraday Magnetism generates
electricity
James Maxwell Unification theory of
electricity and magnetism
Heinrich Hertz Discovery, detection and
production of radio waves
Wilhelm Roentgen Discovery of x-rays
 FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Daniel Gabriel First mercury
Fahrenheit thermometer
Distinguished negative and
Benjamin Franklin positive charges
Made chemistry a science;

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Antoine-Laurent de performed combustion
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Lavoisier experiments
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Idea that oxygen
Henry Cavendish combustion produces
Chemistry water
John Dalton Atomic theory
Joseph John Thomson Discovery of electron
Humphry Davy. Jons Discovery of new
Jacob Berzeliu and elements
others
Auguste Laurent and Pioneered organic
Charles Gerhardt chemistry
 FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Robert Hooke Discovery of cell
Anton van Leeuwenhoek Observation and discovery of
microorganisms
Carolus Linnaeus Introduced binomial
nomenclature of classifying
species
Mary Anning Discovered first Ichthyosaur

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fossils

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Module Georges Cuvier Founded comparative
Biology anatomy as a science
Robert Brown Discovered cell nucleus
Crawford Long Use of ether in surgical
operations
Wilhelm Wundt Introduction of experimental
psychology
Charles Darwin Theory of evolution
Louis Pasteur Vaccine against rabies
Daniel Hale Williams Performed the first open
heart surgery
Martinus Beijerinck Discovered first known virus
20
th

TO DATE
CENTURY
 FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity
Ernest Rutherford Discovery of proton
Wolfgang Pauli Principle on arrangement of
electrons in an atom
Werner Heisenberg Matrix version of quantum
mechanics
Uncertainty Principle

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Module Erwin Schrodinger Wave version of quantum
Physics mechanics
Paul Dirac Relativistic quantum
mechanics of electrons
James Chadwick Discovery of neutron
Otto Hahn Discovery of nuclear fission
John Bardeen Theory t explain
superconductivity
Murray Gell-Mann Heavy subatomic particle
classification
Quark concept
Karl Alexander Muller & Discovery of high
Johannes Georg Beandrz temperature conductor
 FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Presentation of galaxies as
Edwin Hubble huge aggregation of stars
Idea of the expansion of
universe
Clyde Tombaugh Discovery of Pluto

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Karl Guthe Jansky Radio wave discovery from

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Module space
Astronomy Georges Lemaitre Publication of the original Big
Bang Theory
George Gamow, Ralph New version of the Big Bang
Alpher & Robert Herman Theory
Jocelyn Bell-Burnell Discovery of pulsars
Neil Armstrong & Buzz First walk on the moon
Aldrin
Alan Guth Inflationary universe theory
Fritz Zwicky Detection of possible dark
matter evidence
 FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Mikhail Tsvet Paper chromatography

Joroslav Heyrovsky Polarography

Astronomy Phoebus Levene Discovery of deoxyribose sugars of

DNA
Neil Bartlett Idea that noble gases can make
compounds

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Hugo de Vries Idea of occurrence of mutation

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Module James Watson & Francis Crick DNA structure

Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer Beginning of genetic engineering

Martin Cline Transferring of functional gene

between mice
Allan Wilson & Russell Higuchi Production of the first gene
Biology cloned from an extinct species
Ian Wilmut Sheep (Dolly) cloning using
somatic nuclear transfer
Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns & Rediscovery of the Law of
Erich von Tschermak Genetics
Dmitry Ivanovsky and Martinus Discovery of Viruses
Beijerinck
Rudolf Jaenisch Introduction of DNA into a mouse
embryo
 FIELD DISCOVERER CONTRIBUTION
Leon Philippe Discovery of stratosphere
Andrija Mohorovicic Discovery of earth’s crust and
mantle boundary

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Alfred Wegener Continental drift theory
Module Astronomy
Motonori Matuyama Presentation of the reversal
of earth’s magnetic field
every 100 million years
Charles Franncis Ritcher Earthquake intensity scale
Harry Hess Theory of seafloor spreading
Walter Alvarez Idea that dinosaur extinction
was caused by the striking of
large comet on earth
 Some of the important inventions which were based highly on
various scientific theories are listed below:

FIELD INVENTION
Biotechnology Biogas; biosensor; DNA fingerprinting; gene cloning;
synthetic skin

Communication AM radio; cellular phone; communication satellite; fiber

optics

Defense Army tank; atomic bomb; neutron bomb; tear gas

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Energy Biogas; neon light; nuclear fusion; nuclear power plant;
Module nuclear reactor; solar power

Entertainment Animated cartoon film; Betamax video system; cassette

tapes; colored television; CD player; motion picture
sound; video cassette; video disk; video games; vhs

Information and Calculator; computer floppy disk; internet laser printer;

micro computer; mini computer; pocket calculator
Computer Technology
Artificial heart; artificial kidney; blood bank; electron
microscope; fluorescence bronchoscope; hemopump;
Medicine laser; MRI; mammography; pacemaker; scanning electron
microscope; test tube baby; ultrasound or sonography; x-
ray laser

Transportation Airplane; diesel locomotive; helicopter; jet engine;

jumbo jetliner; spacecraft; monoplane and seaplane;
space shuttle; supersonic aircraft
INFORMATIO
N AGE
 Johannes Gutenberg

A German blacksmith and

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Module publisher who introduced
“movable type printing” in
Europe, established what we
called the Gutenberg era
which is responsible for
shaping the nature of society
and its underlying
institutions.
 The Pre-Gutenberg
World
In the world before the introduction of the printing press
it was not possible to distribute precise replicable information
to a large number of people.  Information could be captured,
in the laborious and time consuming process of hand-
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Module 1
Module produced books, scrolls or tablets, but access to this
information was restricted to a small elite group. 
Transmission of knowledge thereafter had to rely on purely
word-of-mouth channels and the form of information that was
prevalent was therefore the story, this being the form best
adapted to surviving the process of ‘Chinese whispers’ that
mass communication involved.

Institutional development was limited and society tended

to be dominated by religion and feudal political systems,
institutions which were well adapted to the use of narrative
or hierarchy as means of propagation or control.
 The Gutenberg Revolution

It is widely acknowledged that the introduction of the

printing press was revolutionary in its impact. It was credited
as being the catalyst for the Renaissance, the development of
science and creating the pressures which forced power to slip
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Module from the hands of monarchs and religious orders and become
shared across a much broader section of society. However,
there is a temptation to see all of these shifts as history and
fail to see the extent to which, what might be called the
Gutenberg principle, continues to play an active role in the
shape and operation of society and institutions today.

While the technologies and channels for the distribution

of information have developed significantly since the
Gutenberg press, the basic structure of the Gutenberg
principle has not: it still costs lots of money to distribute
information to a mass audience.
 The Gutenberg Revolution

This era can be described as the emergence

of the internet and the worldwide web. This
paved the way to the possible uploading and
Chapter21 downloading of all forms of media instruments

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Module such as video, audio and images, and enabled
people to publish or spread the information.
Passing of information is much faster and easier.
 The Rise of Digital Age

01 - Discovered by Charles
Babbage.

- Designed simply for

Chapter21 computations/mathematic

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Module al calculations and simple
COMPUTER decision-making
capabilities.
DID YOU
KNOW?
- Doug Engelbart invented the first computer mouse
in around 1964 which was made of wood.

- An average person normally blinks 20 times a

minute, but when using a computer he/she blinks
only 7 times a minute.
 The Rise of Digital Age
- Created by Vinton Cerf and Robert
02
01 Kahn

- The first problem encountered in

using the internet, was the speed.

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Module - The discovery of Fiber Optic
allowed the billion of buts of
THE INTERNET
information to be received every
minute.
DID YOU
KNOW?
- A good figure of 19% married couple meets online,
making it a suitable marriage bureau.

- 7 People control the whole internet.

 The Rise of Digital Age

03
01 - Discovered by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee in 1990’s.

- It is discovered for
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Module commercial purposes.

DID YOU
KNOW?
- Though the terms are often used interchangeably, the
internet and the World Wide Web are not the same. Many
experts peg the start of the internet to September 2, 1969,
when a team of computer scientists at UCLA got two
computers to send data to each other through a network for
the first time. Twenty years later, the World Wide Web made
this technology user-friendly and accessible to the public.
 The Rise of Digital Age
- Discovery of E-mail was
04
01 controversially claimed
by V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai,
an Indian-born
American scientist and
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ELECTRONIC MAIL OR E-
MAIL
- He started building the
system in 1978 when he
DID YOU was 14 years old.
KNOW?
- Your email account actually doesn’t belong to you! You may be
the only one who can access it, but bear in mind that the email
account doesn’t belong to you. In fact, popular email services like
Gmail and Yahoo! will delete the account and all the associated
data, if you don’t log in at least once every few months. The
period of inactivity before the account is removed depends on the
service.
 The Rise of Digital Age
- Launched in February 04,2004
05
01 by Mark Zuckerberg together
with his fellow students in
Harvard College and with other
roommates.

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- The membership was first
Module limited to Harvard students but
FACEBOO later, students in Boston area,
K Ivy league College and Stanford
University were allowed to get
DID YOU access to the website.
KNOW?
- Why blue and not some other color? The color scheme choice is
not random and there is a valid reason behind it. Mark Zuckerberg
is color-blind to red and green and therefore, blue is the richest
color for him. In an interview, he stated, “blue is the richest color
for me — I can see all of blue.”
 The Rise of Digital Age
- It was created by Jack Dorsey,
06
01 Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Evan
Williams.

- It is another networking website

where people post and interact
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with messages or “tweets’
Module which are restricted only for up
TWITTER to 140 characters.

- SMS of the internet.

DID YOU
KNOW?
- Nope, that cute little birdie blue is not named after Larry Page or
Larry King. Turns out it’s named after basketball legend Larry
Bird, a famous former Boston Celtics forward. Biz Stone confirmed
this fact after Celtics vice president of digital media Peter
Stringer asked him about the rumored tidbit, fittingly on Twitter.

- Ending a tweet with an empty hashtag is called a hangtag.

 The Rise of Digital Age
- It is the largest on-line
07
01
destination and the third
most visited website.

- Created by Chad Hurley

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Module and Steve Chen in 2005
YOUTUBE during Valentine’s day.

DID YOU
KNOW?
- Google acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in
October 2006. Which was a lot of money at the
time, but looks like a pittance now considering
the value of YouTube.
 The Rise of Digital Age

08
01
- Larry Page and Sergey
Brin, both PhD students at
Stanford University

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developed Google as a

Module 1
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Module research project in1996.
GOOGLE
- It is now the most used
DID YOU search engine in the
KNOW? worldwide web.

- Google was originally named BackRub.

- Gmail was launched on April Fool’s Day, no joke.

 The Rise of Digital Age

08
01
- It was created by Kevin
Systrom and Mike Krieger
in October 2010.

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Module - A fun photography
INSTAGRA
M
application that is gaining
fame all over the globe.
DID YOU
KNOW?
- Initially, Instagram was called Codename, but the
name changed to Instagram before it was launched.

- The name Instagram comes from a mashing of “instant

camera” and “telegraph”