Animal Behavior Kind of Behaviors

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
PUGUH
KARYANTO
Types of behaviors
Innate behaviors Learned behaviors
• Automatic, developmentally fixed • Modified by experience
• Despite different environments, all • Variable
individuals exhibit the behavior
Animal Learning
Innate • Learned
• Fixed action Pattern • Associative learning
• Imprinting ex: Classical conditioning
ex: Operant conditioning
• Habituation
• Insight (cognitive) learning
• Observational learning
Fixed Action Patterns
• Innate behavior
• Sequence of behaviors that
are essentially unchangeable
and conducted to completion
once it is started
• Triggered by a sign stimulus
• Ex: Male stigglebacks exhibit
aggressive territoriality…
attack on red belly stimulus
Fixed Action Patterns
• Fixed-Action Pattern: Graylag goose
rolls the egg back to the nest using
side-to-side head motions.
• Sign stimulus: The appearance of an Fixed-Action Pattern: The begging
object near the nest. If the goose loses behaviour of newly hatched chicks
the egg during the retrieval process, it (raised heads, open mouths, and
stops the head motion, but continues loud cheeps).
the "pulling" motion of retrieval. Sign stimulus: Parent landing at
the nest.
Habituation
• Loss of responsiveness to unimportant stimuli.
• “cry-wolf” effect
• Learn not to respond to repeated occurrences of stimulus
• Ex: Brown bear habituation - bear viewing leads to bear
tolerating people at close range
Imprinting
• Innate behavior that is learned during a critical period early in
life
• Both learning and innate components
• Ex: Konrad Lorenz was “mother” to these imprinted graylag
goslings
Imprinting
• Imprinting for conservation: Conservation biologists have
taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a
means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a
crane suit in an ultra light plane acts as a surrogate parent.
Crane handlers wear

special suits to prevent the
cranes from imprinting on
humans
Insight Learning
• Is the ability to do
something right the first
time with no prior
experience. It requires
reasoning ability – the
skill to look at a problem
and come up with an
appropriate solution.
Observational Learning
• Is the ability of an organism to learn how to do something by
watching another individual do it first, even if they have
never attempted it themselves.
• chimps would observe the chimp in the

cage that had insight learning and
stacked the boxes to get to the
bananas, see the failure, and then see
the solution.
• When these chimps got in the cage,
bang-zoom, they got to the solution a
lot faster, arguably due to modeling
effects.
Observational learning
• Young chimpanzees who watch their mothers crack nuts with rock tools
before learning the technique themselves
Associative learning
• Is the process by which animals take one stimulus and associate it

with another.
• Learned behavior
• Examples:
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
• Type of associative learning
• Stimulus & reward/punishment
• Ex: Ivan Pavlov’s dogs
• Type of associative learning
• Trial and error learning
• Different from classical conditioning, because the association is made between the animal’s own
behavior and a response.
B.F. Skinner
• Having received a face full of quills, a young coyote has probably learned
to avoid porcupines
Animal Movement
• Three types of animal movement

1) Kinesis
2) Taxis
3) Migration
Kinesis
• Seemingly random change in the speed of a movement in
response to a stimulus
• When an organism is in a place that it enjoys, it slows down,
and when in a bad environment, it speeds up. Overall this
leads to an organisms spending more time in favorable
environments
• Ex: Pillbugs – (AP Lab 11) pillbugs prefer moist environments
Taxis
• A reflex movement towards (positive taxis) or away (negative
taxis) from a stimulus
Migration
• Complex behavior, but still under genetic control –
cyclic movement of animals over long distances
according to the time of year
Bird Migration – Migrating Sandpipers
Animal Communication
• Animals communicate in many ways…communication need not always
be vocal
Chemical communication
Visual communication
Auditory communication
Tactile communication
Chemical communication
– Pheromones Trail pheromones - ants
Alarm pheromones
Sex pheromones
Trail pheromones
Alarm pheromones - minnows
Sex pheromones - insects

Visual Communication
• Communication through the use of visual cues
• Ex: Tail feather displays of male peacocks
Auditory Communication
• Bird song: • Insect Song:
• Mixed learned and innate • Innate, genetically controlled
• Most have a critical learning period • Frogs croaking in the spring
Red winged blackbird

Tactile communication
• Communication through the use of touch
• A major form of primate tactile communication is grooming
A subordinate monkey grooming a dominant monkey.

Honeybee Communication
• Bees provide an example of communication that involves
chemical, tactile, and auditory components.
• Bees do a “waggle dance” to communicate location of food
• Dance provides distance and directional cues
• Chemical cues – regurgitation of food source provides
information “what kind of food”
Animal Social Behaviors
Agonistic behavior:
Results from conflict over resources
Often involves intimidation and submission
Often a matter of which animal can mount the most
threatening display and scare the other into
submission (symbolic: ususually no harm done)
Dominance Hierarchies:
 Ranking of power among group-living animals (subject to
change)
 Member with most power “alpha”
 Second in command “beta”
 Benefit: Less energy wasted over conflicts over food and
resources
A submissive chimpanzee
lets the dominant (alpha)
chimpanzee know that he or
she is not a threat through
non-threatening postures
such as presenting their
back, crouching and bowing
Territoriality
Animals defend a physical geographic area against
other individuals
Area is defended because of benefits derived from it:
food, mates, etc
Animal species vary in their degree of territoriality
Nesting in birds
Altruistic Behavior
 Action in which an organism helps another at its own expense
reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient
kin selection
Inclusive fitness:
 Represents the overall ability of individuals to pass their own genes on
to the next generation as well as providing aid to closely related
individuals (related individuals share many of the same genes)
 This concept can explain many cases of altruism in nature
Animal Social Behavior
Reciprocal altruism:
 Animals behave altruistically toward others who are not relatives,
hoping that the favor will be returned sometime in the future.
 Animals rarely display this behavior…it is limited to species with
stable social groups
Animal Social Behavior
Optimal foraging:
 Natural selection favors those who choose foraging strategies that
maximize the differential between costs and benefits.
 If the effort involved in obtaining food outweighs the nutritive value of
the food, forget about it.

Animal Behavior Kind of Behaviors

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ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Crane handlers wear

• chimps would observe the chimp in the

• Is the process by which animals take one stimulus and associate it

• Three types of animal movement

Alarm pheromones - minnows

Sex pheromones - insects

Red winged blackbird

A subordinate monkey grooming a dominant monkey.

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