NATIONAL

SECURITY
CONCERNS
Overview

■ Since the emergence of territorially based states as the political organizing principle in
Europe after 1648, the concept of security for the past 400 years predominantly meant
"protection from organized violence." According to McNamara (1968), security
includes the promotion of economic, political, and social development in "poor nations"
as

■ a. a means of preventing conflicts; and

■ b. preserving a minimal measure of "global order" and stability
Overview

We are entering a new era of human security where the concept of security will change, and
change dramatically. Security will be interpreted as:
■ 1. security of people, not just territory
■ 2. security of individuals, not just of nations; and
■ 3. security through development, not through arms.

Security is a national concern that every Filipino must consider to ensure peaceful existence
of the state. It shall be the State's primordial concern as ell as to secure its constituents.
Input No. 1: Concept of National Security

■ UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines (UNACOM) Secretary General and

Foreign Affairs Usec. Rosario G. Manalo stressed that the centerpiece of this
perspective is an expanded view of national security that should assure the safety and
well-being of the nation as a whole. A threat to national security may be
1. any action or sequence of events that threatens to drastically and quickły degrade the
quality of life of people; or
2. any development that has the potential to greatly narrow the range of policy choices
available to the government or to non-governmental entities within the state."
Definition of Terms

1. Subversion - It is a group of conspiracy seeking to alter an existing system or government through

deceit and other unlawful means, or it is an act of an individual or group who seek to alter an existing
system through deceitful means
2. Communism - It is a theory which advocates elimination of private ownership. It tends to make the
society stateless and classless.
3. Agitation - It is subversive technique to arouse hatred and anger among the people
4. Propaganda - It is a line of persuasion to influence the belief, emotion behavior, attitude and opinion
of the target audience.
5. Infiltration - Deception used of legal activities. This is used to exert influence and if possible, seize
control of target groups.
6. Politics - It is an art or science concerning the winning and control over government
Concept of National and Human Security

1. seeks to "protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms
and human fulfillment"
2. "protecting people from critical and pervasive threats" and empowering them to take
charge of their own lives
3. "protection and empowerment are mutually reinforcing and cannot succeed in isolation";
and
4. emphasis on the "need for comprehensive, integrated and people centered of survival,
livelihood and dignity (UN Commission on Human Security)solutions that together can
help people develop the building blocks
1994: UNDP referred to human security as having the
following two aspects

1. safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression

2. it means protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life -
whether in homes, in jobs, or in communities. Such threats can exist at all levels of national
income and development.
UNDP listed the threats to human security under the following main categories
■ 1. Economic security
■ 2. Food Security
■ 3. Health Security
■ 4. Environmental Security
■ 5. Personal Security
■ 6. Community Security
■ 7. Political Security
Human Security and Human
Development
■ Human security, in its broadest sense, embraces far more than the absence of violent
conflict. It encompasses and health care and ensuring that each individual has
opportunities and choices to fulfill his or her potential human rights, good governance,
access to education and health care and ensuring that each individual has opportunities
and choices to fulfill his or her potential
National Security and Human Security

■ Every step in this direction is also a step towards reducing poverty, achieving economic
growth, and preventing conflict. Freedom from want, freedom from fear and the
freedom of future generations to inherit a healthy natural environment-these are the
interrelated building blocks of human- and therefore national-security"
Human and Ecological Security

■ Human and ecological security is a change in paradigm and value. A change in the
concept of security from the military phenomena to poverty, ecological degradation and
rapid demographic change.
National Security (NSC Permanent
Secretariat)
■ commonwealth Act No. 1, also known as the National Defense Act, is the original
policy basis of the national security program of the Republic of the Philippines.

■ The 1987 Constitution mandates civilian control of the military and establishes the
President as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President also heads the
National Security Council, ostensibly the policy-making and advisory body for matters
connected with national defense. Former President Corazon Aquino reestablished the
council in 1986 through an executive order that provided for a National Security
Council director to advise the president on national security matters and for a National
Security Council Secretariat.
■ The NSC's function is to the President with respect to the integration of domestic,
foreign, and military policies relating to the national security. The NSC also serves as
the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government
departments and agencies in matters involving the national security

■ A condition or of being where the Filipino peoples values, way of life institutions,
welfare and well being, sovereignty and strategic relations are protected and enhanced

1. Reformulation of National Security Definition

2. Expanded previous national security concepts by taking into account the close
relationship and interdependence among security, development and governance
3. NSC and a multi-sectoral group examined the relationship between national security and
human security in a process of conceptual re-definition.
4. Fundamental Elements of National Security:
There are seven fundamental elements that lie at the core of, and therefore further
amplify our definition of national security time, at the same time, they constitute the most
important challenges we face as a nation and people

■ a. Socio-Political Stability
■ b. Territorial Integrity
■ c. Economic Solidarity and Strength
■ d. Ecological Balance
■ e. Cultural Cohesiveness
■ f. Moral-Spiritual Consensus
■ g. External Peace or International Harmony
Threats to National Security

■ Many security threats to the Philippines are non-military in nature. Pressing security
concerns like terrorism, poverty, and environmental degradation, needs to be addressed
in an informed and intelligent manner.
■ In its internal aspect, national security relates to the defense of the nation's government
against hostile local elements seeking its replacement with their own government. In
this sense, national security refers to the measures aimed at countering domestic or
internal challenges to the existing political and socio-economic order
Threats to National Security

■ In its external aspects, national security is concerned with safeguarding the state against
outside or foreign forces, pressures, or influence designed to conquer it or undermine its
sovereignty, or placing under the domination or control of some foreign state or states.
In this sense, national security embraces the defense arrangements directed at insuring
the safety of the state against foreign intervention or domination
Types of Threats

1. Rebellion or Insurrection - A refusal of obedience or order. It may seen as

encompassing a range of behaviors from civil disobedience and mass nonviolent
resistance, to violent and organized attempts to destroy established authority such as
the government.
2. Terrorism. The systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. At present,
the International community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed, legally
binding, criminal law definition of terrorism 2) Common definitions of terrorism refer
only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for
an ideological goal, and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants
(civilians)
3. Murder. As defined in most countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with
intent (or malice aforethought), and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from
other forms of homicide.

4. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention. The taking away or transportation of a person
against the person's will, usually to hold the person done for ransom or in furtherance of
another crime, or in connection with a in false se imprisonment, a confinement without legal
authority.

5. Hijacking/Highway Robbery. The crime of taking or attempting to take something of value

by force or threat of force and or by putting the victim in fear.

6. Crimes involving destruction. It may apply either as a measurable degree of damage up to

and including a state beyond use or repair, or it may indicate a state wherein such damage is
occurring and continuing. Something "being destroyed' is in a state of destruction. etc. Self-
destructive behaviors, suicide, demolition.
Internal Threats
Our national security concern is in concern is infused with four important dimensions
Internal threats to our national security make up the first dimension.

■ 1. Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
■ 2.Communist Party of the Philippines/New People's Army/National Democratic Front
(CPP/NPA/NDF)
■ 3. Organized crime
■ 4 Grave incidence of poverty
Internal Threats

■ 5. Economic sabotage
■ 6 Graft and corruption
■ 7 Severe calamities
■ 8. Persistent environment degradation
External Threats

The growing uncertainties that lie in the regional and global milieu make up second dimension
of our national security concerns even as threat of external aggression against our country
remains in the remote horizon.

■ 1. Multilateral dispute over the Spratlys Islands

■ 2. Smuggling of firearms and contraband, illegal migration and the movement of foreign
terrorists through the porous borders of our south western frontier
■ 3. Lingering effects of the currency crisis affecting the countries within the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
■ 4. Serious economic disparity between rich and poor nations
External Threats

■ 5. Ethnic, religious and cultural conflict

■ 6. Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
■ 7. Transnational organized crimes
■ 8. Natural disasters and environmental issues
■ 9. Cybernetic crime
Input No. 2: Understanding Values of
Peace
■ 1994, UNESCO launched its Towards a Culture of Peace the year 2000

■ 1997, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed as the "International Year for the
Culture of Peace”

■ 1998 the same declared Non-Violence for the Children of the World" This is how the
notion of a Culture Peace conquered the world.

■ Mindful of the responsibility for the promotion of peace in society the system is expected
to contribute to the development of understanding, solidarity, and harmony among people
and promote knowledge, values, attitudes, and skills conducive in respect for human
rights and to the building of a culture of peace.
Peace Defined

The concept of peace varies according to the people who give meaning to it, based on the
work they do and the cultural context they come from. Some of these concepts
■ 1. "Peace is not just the absence of war. It is the wholeness of life where every person
can live with dignity?" (Mindanao Church Peace Congress, 1996)
■ 2. "The new name of peace is development. (Pope Paul VI, Populorum Progressio)
Peace Defined

■ Peace is not just the absence of war or violence. It is more than just the absence of war
because its absence does not always mean peace. Peace, as positively defined, means
the presence of harmony, understanding, tranquility, social justice, respect, and meaning
the enhancement of life. In other words, it is the general well- being of the individual.
Peace should be viewed at different levels.
1. Personal Level - refers to the development of inner harmony or inner integration
characterized by such qualities as self respect, self-confidence ability to cope with
negative feelings (fear, anger, insecurity, and shame), and developing positive attitudes
such as cheerfulness and optimism.
2. Interpersonal Level - is manifested by the relationship of an individual with one
another. The interpersonal level peace can be shown in terms of:
a. Assertiveness - The capacity of the individual to express one's views or exercise
one's rights without being aggressive (injuring or violating the rights of others) or
submissive (denying one's own views or rights)
b. Respect - To recognize the worth of others regardless of differences in social
position, culture, origin, ethnic grouping or gender
c. Concern for Others - An awareness and understanding of their needs, feelings, and
condition and extending appropriate consideration for such.
d. Cooperation - The capacity and willingness to work with others to achieve a
common goal.
■ D. Cooperation - The capacity and willingness to work with others to achieve a
common goal.

■ e. Open-Mindedness - The willingness to approach difficult sources of information,

people, and events with a critical but open mind.

■ f. Humility - The virtue to accept and recognize that others may have the ability similar
or maybe more than you have and that recognition enables you to accept your own
limitations
■ 3. Social/National Level is concerned with addressing issues that affect society and its
social, political, and economic components. For example, addressing the issue of social
injustice such as land grabbing, forest degradation, water pollution, and others that have
a societal impact.

■ a. Social Responsibility. An awareness of one's responsibility for the common welfare

and the willingness as well as the readiness to work for it.

■ b. Interdependence. An awareness of the impact of the decisions and actions of

individuals and groups on one another.

■ c. Social justice. Requires an awareness and recognition of the civil, political, economic,
social, and cultural rights, especially of the more marginalized sectors of society and the
willingness to promote and defend them.
■ 4. Global Level is similar to the social and national level peace, global level peace is
concerned with attaining related issues that have global impact or scale such issues
include among others the issue of unfair relations, racial discrimination, terrorism,
militarization, environmental degradation, xenophobia, and others.

■ a. Respect for the Environment. The value of recognizing the importance of the
resources in the environment as indicated by the act of preserving and conserving them.
Also, the efforts initiated to protect the resources of the environment.

■ b. Unity in the oneness of Humankind. The value of recognizing the importance of

being one with other humans as the semblance of God's power and love. It is a
recognition that everyone is as important as the other
■ c. Religious Appreciation. The ability to respect and appreciate the presence of people
with religious beliefs other than his own. This recognition brings us into realization that
we have different ways of expressing our faith but we have common aspiration to be
pleasing to the Creator

■ d. Cultural Appreciation. A recognition of the presence of different cultures and such

differences give us the opportunity to learn from one another.
Strategic Approaches of the AFP in
winning Peace
■ The AFP internal Peace and Security Plan (IPSP) Is how the armed forces views its
mandate of protecting the people and the state
■ In this case, from armed threats, The primary objective of AFP internal security
operations shall be Winning the Peace rather than simply defeating the enemy.
■ The AFP chooses to also focus on the long-term and more important effects of its
military operations on the people and communities.
■ Therefore to win the peace, the IPSP, from its planning to its implementation and
evaluation shall be underpinned by two strategic approaches
(The whole of nation approach and People Centered security approach)
Whole Nation Approach

■ The whole nation approach is based on the recognition that the AFP cannot single
handedly solve the internal peace and security concerns of the country.
■ The Whole of Nation approach seeks to bring about a concerted effort towards national
peace and security.
■ The Whole of Nation approach is but a natural progression and enhancement of the
previously enunciated “whole of government” approach to internal security.
People-Centered Security/Human
Security Approach
■ The internal peace and security plan focuses on the people.
■ A people-centered security within the frame of human security puts people`s welfare at
the center of its operations.
■ Human security is freedom from fear and freedom from want
■ It is the state of being able to live with human dignity
Input No. 3: Creating Culture of Peace

Peace Education
■ Is a holistic response as it is concerned with the issues and problems including
militarization, structural violence, human rights, cultural solidarity, environmental care,
and personal peace
■ It sees the interconnection between theory and practice and recognizes the links among
the various transformative goals and strategies
■ Peace education aims to develop international understanding and universal brotherhood.
■ Some countries have peace education initiatives have common concerns suck as

1. Addressing violence at all levels

2. Providing the individuals with understanding of the forces and factors within the social
system
3. Developing a future world that is less violent, more just and secure
4. Promoting the symbolic relationship between humans and nature
5. Eliminating the threats of war, violence, and environmental destruction
6. Aiming for a peaceful equitable and ecologically sustainable future
■ As such, peace education aims to develop among its students the values of:
1. Understanding multi-cultural society
2. Inculcating peace to the youth and promoting peace among nations
3. Resolving conflict peacefully
4. Love for other persons
5. Self esteem cooperation, communication, environmental concerns, and multi-cultural
and global awareness
6. Attaining inner peace
Culture of Peace

■ A culture of peace is achieved when citizens of the world understand:

- Global problems
- Have the skills to resolve conflicts non-violently
- Live by international standards of human rights
- Appreciate cultural diversity
- Respect the earth and each other
1. Peace education does not only promote
critical understanding but also
empowerment and action for
transformation
2. An authentically holistic orientation
towards peace education needs to
promote critical thinking and problem
solving on contemporary and societal
problems facing the Philippines
3. Although peace education is gaining
momentum, there are forces within wider
Philippines society and global context
that can lay the seeds for more conflict
and peacelessness
The steps in Non-violent actions

1. Information gathering - well-informed-research

2. Education - information gathered is transmitted to others
3. Personal Commitment - not a job but a commitment to offer one`s life for a cause
4. Negotiation - you are not a non-violent person if you do not open yourself to
negotiation
5. Reconciliation and Healing – produce both truces and settlement
Role of Schools in Promoting Values of
Peace
1. Peaceful pedagogies or strategies in teaching
2. Disarmament education, discourage parents from buying war toys.
3. Avoid sexist education, language curriculum
4. Encourage student`s cooperative/collaborative activities rather than competitive one.
5. Encourage students to discuss the roots of conflict so that they can propose alternative
ways of solving them peacefully.
6. Encourage students to undertake activities that promote intercultural dialogue to
develop intercultural understanding and tolerance.