Lecture 5

International University of Sarajevo
CS 422 Wireless and mobile

networks
Lecture 4.
Sarajevo, 14.03.2011.
CONTENT
Cellular concept introduction
Cellular concept introduction
Cellular concept offers very high capacity in a limited

spectrum allocation without any major technological
changes.
Each base station is allocated a portion of the total
number of channels available to the entire system
Neighboring base stations are assigned different groups of
channels (interference between base stations is
minimized).
As demand for services increases the number of base
stations may be increased providing additional radio
capacity.
Frequency reuse
Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio
channels to be used within a small geographic area
called a cell.
The design process of selecting and allocating channel
groups for all of the cellular base stations within a
system is called frequency reuse or frequency planning.
Frequency reuse
The actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the
footprint and is determined from field measurements
or propagation prediction models.
A cell must be designed to serve the weakest mobiles
within the footprint, and these are typically located at
the edge of the cell.
Normally, omnidirectional antennas are used in
center-excited cells and sectored directional antennas
are used in corner-excited cells.
Frequency reuse-concept
S-duplex channels available for use.
If each cell is allocated a group of k channels (k < S)
total number of available radio channels can be expressed as
S=kN
The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available

frequencies is called a cluster.
If a cluster is replicated M times within the system, the total number
of duplex channels C, can be used as a measure of capacity and is
given by
 C=MkN=MS
Frequency reuse
The frequency reuse factor of a cellular system is given
by 1/N, since each cell within a cluster is only assigned
1/N of the total available channels in the system.
Frequency reuse
Example
If a total of 33 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a
particular FDD cellular telephone system which uses
two 25 kHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice
and control channels, compute the number of channels
available per cell if a system uses (a) four-cell reuse, (b)
seven-cell reuse, and (c) 12-cell reuse. If 1 MHz of the
allocated spectrum is dedicated to control channels,
determine an equitable distribution of control channels
and voice channels in each cell for each of the three
systems.
Interference and System Capacity
Interference is the major limiting factor in the

performance of cellular radio systems. Sources of
interference include another mobile in the same cell, a
call in progress in a neighboring cell, other base
stations operating in the same frequency band.
Interference on voice channels causes cross talk, where
the subscriber hears interference in the background
due to an undesired transmission. On control
channels, interference leads to missed and blocked
calls due to errors in the digital signaling.
Co-channel Interference and System Capacity
The two major types of system-generated

cellular interference are co-channel interference and
adjacent channel interference.
Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area there
are several cells that use the same set of frequencies. These
cells are called co-channel cells, and the interference
between signals from these cells is called co-channel
interference.
To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must
be physically separated by a minimum distance to provide
sufficient isolation due to propagation.
Co-channel Interference and
System Capacity
Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area there are several cells that
use the same set of frequencies. These cells are called co-channel cells and
interference is called co-channel interference. The parameter Q, called the co-
channel reuse ratio, is related to the cluster size. A small value of Q provides larger
capacity since the cluster size N is small, whereas a large value of Q improves the
transmission quality, due to a smaller level of co-channel interference. A trade-off
must be made between these two objectives in actual cellular design.
Improving Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems
As the demand for wireless service increases, the

number of channels assigned to a cell eventually
becomes insufficient to support the required number
of users.
Techniques such as cell splitting, sectoring, and
coverage zone approaches are used in practice to
expand the capacity of cellular systems.
Cell Splitting
Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested

cell into smaller cells, each with its own base station
and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and
transmitter power.
Due to increased number of channels capacity is
increased.
Example
 Consider next figure. Assume each base station uses 60 channels, regardless of cell size. If
each original cell has a radius of 1 km and each microcell has a radius of 0.5 km, find the
number of channels contained in a 3 km by 3 km square centered around A under the
following conditions: (a) without the use of microcells; (b) when the lettered microcells
as shown in Figure are used; and (c) if all the original base stations are replaced by
microcells. Assume cells on the edge of the square to be contained within the square.
Example
Sectoring
Cell splitting achieves capacity improvement by

essentially rescaling the system. By decreasing the cell
radius R and keeping the co-channel reuse ratio D/R
unchanged, cell splitting increases the number of
channels per unit area.
Another way to increase capacity is to keep the cell
radius unchanged and seek methods to decrease the
D/R ratio.
Sectoring increases SIR so that the cluster size may be
reduced
Sectoring
The co-channel interference in a cellular system may
be decreased by replacing a single omnidirectional
antenna at the base station by several directional
antennas, each radiating within a specified sector. By
using directional antennas, a given cell will receive
interference and transmit with only a fraction of the
available co-channel cells. The technique for
decreasing co-channel interference and thus
increasing system performance by using directional
antennas is called sectoring.
Sectoring
Sectoring

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International University of Sarajevo

CS 422 Wireless and mobile

Cellular concept offers very high capacity in a limited

The N cells which collectively use the complete set of available

Interference is the major limiting factor in the

The two major types of system-generated

As the demand for wireless service increases, the

Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested

Cell splitting achieves capacity improvement by

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