Learners With Exceptionalities and Learning Disabilities ULAMA

Learners with Exceptionalities
and
Learning Disabilities
Reporter:
LADY ELAIZA P. ULAMA
Exceptional Learners
-Learners who are different from “normal” or

“average” learners, needing special needs such
related to cognitive abilities, behavior, social
functioning, physical and sensory impairments,
emotional disturbances, and giftedness.
- are all those who receive special education
services in the school.
-Disability has become more accepted and used,
replacing “handicap”.
-In the USA, “disability” is used in its federal

laws, such as Individual with Disabilities Act
(IDEA)
-In the Philippine Constitution, Article XIV,

Section 2: “…provided adult citizens, the
disabled, and out-of-school youth with training.
CATEGORIES OF EXCEPTIONALITIES
Omrod’s Educational Psychology (2000)
Cognitive or Academic Difficulties
Social/Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties
Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments
Sensory Impairments
Giftedness
A. Cognitive or Academic Difficulties
• Learning Disabilities - perception, language,

memory or metacognition
Dyslexia - reading disorder
Dysgraphia – writing disorder
Dyscalculia – arithmetic disorder
Dyspraxia – psychomotor disorder
• ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder )
– is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type. It
is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive
activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not
appropriate for a person's age.
• Speech and Communication Disorders

- spoken language including voice disorders (e.g.
difficulties pronouncing sounds, or articulation disorders,
and stuttering)
B. Social/Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties
- are a type of special educational needs in which children/young
people have severe difficulties in managing their emotions and
behaviour. They often show inappropriate responses and feelings
to situations.
• Autism - social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal
communication
• Mental Retardation - sub-average intelligence and deficits in

adaptive behavior – imbecile
• Emotional / Conduct Disorders - presence of emotional states

like depression and aggression disturbing learning and
performance in school.
C. Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments
Physical disabilities are those that impair normal physical
functioning. They may be orthopedic, neuromotor, or
musculoskeletal impairments. Health impairments are
diseases, illnesses, or conditions, that require special care or
attention and may impair learning and normal functioning
• Physical and health impairments – affect individual’s energy

and strength, mental alertness and muscle control
• Severe and multiple disabilities - presence of two or more

different types of disabilities
D. Sensory Impairments
• Visual Impairments - malfunction of the eyes or optic

nerves that prevent normal vision even - myopia
(farsightedness) - hyperopia (nearsightedness) -
astigmatism
• Hearing Impairments (otherwise known as hearing

loss) - malfunction of the ear or auditory nerves that
hinders perception of sounds within the frequency
range of normal speech
E. Giftedness
●speaks of talent, which includes all areas of a child’s life:
academic, artistic, athletic, and social. (US Department of
Education, 1993)
●involves significantly high levels of cognitive development
●performance and accomplishment ●
●Identification:
- Ability vs. Achievement
- Tests vs. Grades
- Standardized Testing
- Ability - IQ
- Creative and Critical Thinking Achievement
●Twice Exceptional Learners
Giftedness
●Six areas where giftedness could be found:
(a) creative thinking,
(b) leadership,
(c) general intellectual ability,
(d) psychomotor,
(e) specific academic ability and ●
(f) visual/ performing arts.
●Characteristics: a. Perfectionist and idealistic
b. Heightened sensitivity to their own expectations and those of
others
c. Maturity beyond age
d. Problem solvers
e. Abstract thinkers
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): a.
Autism
b. Deaf-Blindness
c. Deafness
d. Emotional Disturbance
e. Hearing Impairment
f. Intellectual Disability
●
g. Multiple Disabilities
h. Orthopedic Impairment – caused by an congenital
anomaly, impairments caused by disease (e.g.
poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis); impairments from
other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and
fractures)
i. Other Health Impairment - having limited strength, vitality
or alertness
j. Specific Learning Disability
k. Speech or Language Impairment

●
l. Traumatic Brain Injury - acquired injury to the brain caused

by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial
functional disability or psychosocial Impairment
m. Visual Impairment
●
Dealing with Learners with Exceptionalities
●People-First Language
- No generic labels
- Emphasize abilities; not limitations
- No euphemisms
- No implication of illness of suffering
●
●Brief and simple instructions

●Clear definition of course requirements, the dates of exams
and deadline of assignments.
●Handouts and visual aids and study guides
●Several examples and demonstrations
●Consultation time
●
●Asking and providing assistance
●Encouragement
●Patience, patience, patience and PATIENCE!

●
●
●

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Learners with Exceptionalities

-Learners who are different from “normal” or

-In the USA, “disability” is used in its federal

-In the Philippine Constitution, Article XIV,

Cognitive or Academic Difficulties

Social/Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties

Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments

• Learning Disabilities - perception, language,

• Speech and Communication Disorders

• Mental Retardation - sub-average intelligence and deficits in

• Emotional / Conduct Disorders - presence of emotional states

• Physical and health impairments – affect individual’s energy

• Severe and multiple disabilities - presence of two or more

• Visual Impairments - malfunction of the eyes or optic

• Hearing Impairments (otherwise known as hearing

j. Specific Learning Disability

k. Speech or Language Impairment

l. Traumatic Brain Injury - acquired injury to the brain caused

●Brief and simple instructions

●Several examples and demonstrations

●Patience, patience, patience and PATIENCE!

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