Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 30 views

    Plastics

    Uploaded by

    Dasrat Kumar
    This is the presentation on Plastic material made by students of Mehran University. It is the assignment given by the subject teacher Material Engineering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Plastics

    Uploaded by

    Dasrat Kumar
    30 views22 pages
    This is the presentation on Plastic material made by students of Mehran University. It is the assignment given by the subject teacher Material Engineering.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This is the presentation on Plastic material made by students of Mehran University. It is the assignment given by the subject teacher Material Engineering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views22 pages

    Plastics

    Uploaded by

    Dasrat Kumar
    This is the presentation on Plastic material made by students of Mehran University. It is the assignment given by the subject teacher Material Engineering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    A GROUP ASSIGNMENT BY:

    17ME66, 65, 67 AND 118

    SUBJECT: ENGINEERING
    MATERIALS

    MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
    DEPARTMENT,
    MUET, Jamshoro
    PLASTICS
    INTRODUCTION
    TO PLASTICS
    & ITS TYPES
    INTRODUCTION
    • Plastics are defined as synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers
    (organic compounds)that are known for being malleable and
    thus can be moulded into various shapes.
    • The word plastic itself comes from a Greek word “plasticos”,
    which means “To be able to be shaped by heating”.
    • There are mainly three types of plastics namely; Natural
    Plastics, Semi-Synthetic plastics and Synthetic plastics. Most
    of the plastic we see around us is synthetic i.e man-made.
    HISTORY OF PLASTICS
    DISCOVERY YEAR (A.D)
    1284
    • Natural plastics (HORN, TORTOISESHELL)

    1862
    • PARKESINE-First high cost synthetic plastic unveiled.

    • Invention of Celluloid and subjection of it to mass production. 1869

    • Discovery of Bakelite 1909

    • Discovery of PVC 1920

    • Word “Plastics” was introduced. 1925

    • Discovery of TEFLON and NYLON 1938-39

    • Modern Plastics
    1960-up to date
    PROPERTIES
    A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
    TO TYPES OF PLASTICS.
    1. NATURAL PLASTICS:
    The plastics which occur in nature in form of fossils. An
    Example of this type is “Amber” which is a fossilised pine-tree resin and is often
    Used in the manufacture of jewellery.

    2. SEMI-SYNTHETIC PLASTICS:
    These are naturally occuring plastics mixed
    With some other material to enhance its quality. An Example of this is cellulose
    Acetate which is the combination of cellulose fiber and acetic acid.

    3. SYNTHETIC PLASTICS:
    These plastics are the most common type of plastics
    That we use. This type of plastics has no natural content rather it is derived from
    The cracking of various hydrocarbons in form of petroleum or rock oil. They can be
    further divided into two types:
    4. Thermoplastics.
    5. Thermosetting plastics.
    AMBER (RAW) AMBER (JEWELLERY)

    CELLULOSE ACETATE PHOTO FILM


    THERMOPLASTICS:
    DEFINITION:
    A material that cures reversibly and softens when heated above the
    glass transition state and becomes hard after cooling.

    GLASS TRANSITION STATE:


    The state at which a material converts into a rubbery
    or waxy form which is the melting point in case of thermoplastics.

    ORIGINAL MELTED & REMELTED REGAINED


    OBJECT MOULDED SHAPE
    STRUCTURE OF THERMOPLASTICS:
    • Thermoplastics are usually crystalline i.e have layers which can easily slide
    over each other which allows them to regain their original shape even after
    remelting. E.g Polyethene

    • They have a linear or branched molecular structure.


    TYPES OF THERMOPLASTICS
    • Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

    • ACRYLICS

    • POLYVINYLS

    • ACETALS

    • FLUOROCARBONS

    • Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCP)

    • CELLULOSICS
    APPLICATIONS:
    • Dashboards
    • Gears
    • Toys and Phone Covers
    • Electrical Products
    • Bearings
    • Glass Frames
    • Cables
    • Sheets
    • Windows
    • Non Stick Teflon Pans
    THERMOSETTING PLASTICS:
    DEFINITION:
    The materials which do not cure reversibly and become
    permanently hard and rigid after treatment are called Thermosets.

    They cannot be remented, continued heating for a long time leads to degradation/
    weakening or decomposition. Just like the plastic chair which is subjected to
    sunlight for days gets weak and breaks.

    ORIGINAL MELTED & AGAIN BROKE UP


    OBJECT MOULDED HEATED
    STRUCTURE:
    Thermosets are amorphous in nature i.e not allow the slipping of layers or planes.
    They are so cross linked that after they attain a shape and are reheated, their
    bonds get stuck with each other due to which they do not melt and on further
    heating their bonds break in such a way that they cause permanent deformation in
    the object.

    They have cross-linked or network structure.


    TYPES:
    • ALKYDS

    • ALLYLICS

    • AMINES

    • BAKELITE

    • EPOXIES

    • PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

    • POLYESTERS

    • VINYL ESTERS
    APPLICATIONS
    • Electrical Equipments
    • Motor Brush Holders
    • Printed Circuit Boards
    • Circuit Breakers
    • Encapsulation Materials
    • Spectacle Lenses
    • Kitchen Utensils
    • Fancy Door Knobs
    PRODUCTION AND MOULDING
    TECHNIQUES
    PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC MATERIALS
    IN INDUSTRY
    • Let us now see the industrial preparation of plastics. Most modern plastics are
    derived from oil, coal and natural gas with crude oil remaining the most important
    raw material for their production.

    • By fractional distillation of crude oil we obtain “NAPTHA” as by product which


    is the CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCK for the manufacture of plastics.

    • This NAPTHA is subjected to cracking and refining processes for eliminating any
    kinds of impurities trapped in the polymeric chains. This NAPTHA now converts
    into a crystalline raw form which can be moulded into desired shape. This raw
    form is industrially termed as “Plastic Granules”.

    • Most common procedures for the manufacture of plastic materials of human use
    are:
    1. INJECTION MOULDING

    2. EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDING

    3. VACUUM MOULDING
    1. INJECTION MOULDING:
    In this process, the raw material is melted and is then injected by the help of
    screw controlled plunger into a closed mould and is cooled. This process works
    on the very famous “Archimedes Principle” and high pressure is required to force
    this very viscous molten raw material into the mould.
    2. EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDING:
    The plastic granules are first introduced into a open heated barrel having the die of
    desired shape. Then the open die is sealed and only one opening is left from where
    the air is blown with pressure inside the chamber which creates a die-cavity or
    hollow space inside whereas the molten material attaches to the walls of the
    chamber. This is how hollow plastic bottles are made.
    3. VACUUM MOULDING:
    This process involves the bending of molten granules. A vacuum is created by
    evacuating the air present in the chamber whereas the molten material is put into
    the mould of specific dimensions. As vacuum is created, the air outside exerts an
    extreme pressure on the material resulting in the bending of the material.
    Note:
    Plastics are non-biodegradable and hence
    It is our duty to recycle them for preventing
    Our environment from pollution.

    THANKYOU!!!

    You might also like