Work Power & Energy

WORK
The work done by the force is defined to be the product of component of the force in the
direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement. W = F.d
No work is done if: •The force and displacement are

•The force is zero. Mutually perpendicular.
•The displacement is zero
NATURE OF WORKDONE :
Work done by a constant force
Work is done when a force is applied, at least partially, in the direction of the
displacement of the object. If that force is constant then the work done by the force is
the dot product of the force with the displacement:
UNIT OF WORK : W = Fs cos =
The SI unit of work is Joule
‘When a force of 1N displaces a body

through a distance of 1m in its own
direction’
1J = Nm
Work done by a variable force
•If the displacement dx is small, we can take the force F (x) as approximately
constant and the work done is then
dW =F (x) dx
For total work, we add all work done along small displacements.
ENERGY :
• Energy of a body is defined as its capacity to do the work.

• It is measured by its amount of workdone.
• It’s a scalar quantity
• It is measured in the same units of the work,
SI unit of energy is joule (J)
Mechanical energy:
There are two forms : 1. Kinetic energy
2. Potential energy
Kinetic energy
The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of the work an object

can do by the virtue of its motion.
•If an object of mass m has velocity v, its kinetic energy K
The Work-Energy Theorem for a constant force
“ The workdone by the net force acting on a body is equal
to the change produced in the kinetic energy of the body.”
Suppose a constant force F is acting on a body of mass m producing an
acceleration of a in it. After covering a distance of s , suppose the velocity of
the body changes from u to v , using the equation of motion we have,
Kinetic energy
The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of the work an object can do by the virtue of its motion.
•If an object of mass m has velocity v, its kinetic energy K
The Work-Energy Theorem for a Variable Force
“ The workdone by the net force acting on a body is equal

to the change produced in the kinetic energy of the body.”
Potential energy
•Potential energy is the ‘stored energy’ by virtue of the position or configuration of a
body.
•When the body is released this stored energy converted into kinetic energy
•Potential energy is measured by the amount of work that a body do.
Different types of potential energies :

1) Gravitational Potential energy : It is the PE associated with the state of separation
of two bodies, which attract one another through gravitational force.
2) Elastic Potential Energy : It is the potential energy associated with the state of
compression or extension of an elastic body.
Exp : Spring PE
Gravitational Potential Energy :
The gravitational PE of a body is the energy possessed by the body by
the virtue of its position above the surface of the earth.
The force acting on the body : F = mg

Workdone on the body in raising it through height h is
W=F.h
= mg . h
This workdone against gravity is stored as the gravitational potential
energy V of the body.
V = mgh
At the surface of the earth h = 0
Gravitational potential energy at the earth’s surface = 0
Conservation of mechanical energy for a freely falling body:
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ at a height h from the ground.
CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCE :
• A force is said to be conservative if the workdone by the force depends on the
initial and final positions of the body
Exp : Gravitational force, Electrostatic force, Spring force
• A force is said to be an non conservative force if the workdone by the force

depends on the path followed between initial and final positions of the body.
Exp : Frictional force, Air resistance, Viscous force.
Elastic potential energy is Potential energy stored as a result of deformation of an elastic
object, such as the stretching of a spring.
It is equal to the work done to stretch the spring

According to Hooke's law, the force required to stretch
the spring will be directly proportional to the amount of
stretch. F = -kx
then the work done to stretch the spring a distance x is
Since the force required to stretch a spring changes with

distance, the calculation of the work involves an integral.
Velocity of an object when released from height h :
When an object released from the height h then the potential energy will
converts into kinetic energy.
The velocity of the object before it hits = 2as
Since object is initially at rest, then u=0, also s=h & a=g
= 0+2gh
Or V = m/s
KE acquired by the body before it hits the ground is KE = = (2gh)
KE = mgh = PE
A compressed spring has the potential energy of 20 J and its spring constant is 200
N/m. Calculate the displacement of the spring.
Various forms of energy
Heat: The work done by friction is not ‘lost’, but is transferred as heat energy
Chemical Energy:
•Chemical energy arises from the fact that the molecules participating in the chemical
reaction have different binding energies.
Electrical Energy: The flow of electrical current causes bulbs to glow, fans to rotate
and bells to ring. Energy is associated with an electric current.
Nuclear Energy:
•The energy released from the nuclear reactions, either fission or fusion, is called as nuclear
energy.
•Nuclear fusion and fission are manifestations of the equivalence of mass and energy.
The Equivalence of Mass and Energy
•In every physical and chemical process, the mass of an isolated
system is conserved, Albert Einstein showed the relation ,
• E = m c2 where c, the speed of light in vacuum is approximately 3
×108 m s–1.
•This equation showed that mass and energy are equivalent and are
related by
E = m c2 .
•If there is a difference between the sum of reactants and products
that differene, Dm, is called mass defect.
•In case of chemical reactions the mass defect is very small and can
be neglected, but in the case of nuclear reactions this becomes
significant.
Power
•Power is defined as the time rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
• Average Power: Ratio of work done(W) in a total time interval of t.
Pav = W/t
• Instantaneous Power: When the time interval ,t ,approaches zero the limiting value of
average power becomes instantenous power.
P = dW/dt
•We can write W = F.dr,
P = F . dr/dt
P = F.v , where v is instantaneous velocity.
•Power is a scalar quanitity
•SI unit of power – Watt(W)
•1 hp = 746 W
A pump on the ground floor of a building can pump up water to fill a tank of volume 30
m3 in 15 min. If the tank is 40 m above the ground, and the efficiency of the pump is 30%,
how much electric power is consumed by the pump?
Solution: P = W/t = mgh/t

mass of water to be moved = ρV = 30000 kg
g = 9.8
h = 40 m
t = 15x60 = 900 s
P = 13066.67 W = 13.067 kW
Now η = P/PACTUAL => PACTUAL = 13.067/0.3 = 43.6 kW
COLLISION :
• A collision is an event in which two or
more bodies exert forces on each other
for a relatively short time.
• In all collisions the total linear
momentum is conserved.
• The total impulse on the first object is
equal and opposite to that on the
second, if two bodies collide.
• Elastic collision is when the initial Kinetic
energy is equal to the final kinetic energy.
• Inelastic collision is when some of the
kinetic energy is lost after collision.
• Completely inelastic collision is when the
bodies after collision move together .
Completely inelastic collision :
( A ball of mass m1 with initial velocity v1 strikes a ball of mass m2 initially at
rest and the two ball stick to each other after collision, in the same direction)
•Where m1,m2 are the masses of the two blocks

v1 is initial velocity of block 1, v2=0 here
vf is final velocity of the two block moving together
Collisions in 2-D :
( A ball of mass m1 with initial velocity v1 strikes

a ball of mass m2 initially at rest after collision,
ball 1 moves with velocity v’1 and ball 2 moves
with velocity v’2 with directions as shown in
figure)
A bullet of mass 0.015kg strikes a metal plate of thickness 10cm with a
velocity of 400m/s & emerges from it with a velocity of 260m/s. Find the
average resistance offered by the plate to the motion of the bullet.
A bullet of mass 50g strikes a wooden plank with a velocity of 200m/s &
emerges from it with a velocity of 50m/s. Calculate the workdone by the bullet
against the resistive force offered by the plank.
A car weighing 900kg moving with a velocity of 20m/s is uniformly
accelerated with an acceleration of 2m/s2 for 10s. Calculate the
workdone and the force required to accelerate the car.
A particle moves along the x axis from x=0 to x=5m under the influence of a
force given by f = 7-2x+3. Calculate the workdone.
A man moves on a straight horizontal road with a block of mass 2kg in his
hand. If he moves a distance of 40m with an acceleration of 0.5m/s2,
calculate the workdone by the man on the block during the motion.
A ball is dropped vertically from rest at a height of 12m. After striking the
ground it bounces back to a height of 9m. What percentage of KE does it
lose on striking the ground.
A 60kg man runs up a flight of stairs 3m high in 2seconds. Calculate his
average power.
An engine develops 10kW of power. How much time will it take to lift the
mass of 200kg to a height of 40m?

Work Power & Energy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Work Power & Energy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Work Power & Energy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WORK

No work is done if: •The force and displacement are

UNIT OF WORK : W = Fs cos =

The SI unit of work is Joule

‘When a force of 1N displaces a body

• Energy of a body is defined as its capacity to do the work.

The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of the work an object

The Work-Energy Theorem for a Variable Force

“ The workdone by the net force acting on a body is equal

Different types of potential energies :

The force acting on the body : F = mg

• A force is said to be an non conservative force if the workdone by the force

It is equal to the work done to stretch the spring

then the work done to stretch the spring a distance x is

Since the force required to stretch a spring changes with

KE acquired by the body before it hits the ground is KE = = (2gh)

•Power is a scalar quanitity

•SI unit of power – Watt(W)

Solution: P = W/t = mgh/t

•Where m1,m2 are the masses of the two blocks

( A ball of mass m1 with initial velocity v1 strikes

You might also like