Eceg 1052 CH 2

Basics of C++
PART 1 OF CHAPTER 2
Basics of C++
 In C++ programming, what follows after // symbols
on the same line is considered as a comment,
 Descriptions can be enclosed in between /* and */
as multiple lines of comments.
 It is done for the convenience of the reader.
 C++ is case sensitive ( i.e. A and a are different. )

 A statement ends by semicolon ( e.g. int x; )
 The compiler ignores all spaces and new line.
E.g. int x = 5; is the same as int x after compiled.

= 5;
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Primitive Data Types
Data type Range of values
byte -128 .. 127 (8 bits)
short -32,768 .. 32,767 (16 bits)
int -2,147,483,648 .. 2,147,483,647 (32 bits)
long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 .. ... (64 bits)
float +/-10-38 to +/-10+38 and 0, about 6 digits precision
double +/-10-308 to +/-10+308 and 0, about 15 digits precision
char Unicode characters (generally 16 bits per char)
boolean true or false (1 or 0)

Type Compatibility and Conversion
Widening conversion: In operations on mixed-type
operands, a numeric type of the smaller range is
converted to the numeric type of the larger range
 In an assignment, a numeric type of smaller range
can be assigned to a numeric type of larger range
 kind
→ byte to short to int to long kind to float to double
int i = 'a'; // Same as: int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as: char c = (char)97;
int i = (int)5.4; // It is the same as the following:
int i = static_cast<int>(5.4); // so, truncate it to 5
cout << static_cast<double>(1) / 2; // displays 0.5
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the
Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f

ASCII Character Set is a subset of the
Unicode from \u0000 to \u007f
Note: the ASCII at \u007F is similar to delete

Escape Sequences for Special Characters
Description Escape Sequence Unicode
Bell sound \a \u0007
Backspace \b \u0008
Tab \t \u0009
Linefeed \n \u000A
Carriage return \r \u000D
Backslash \\ \u005C
Single Quote \' \u0027
Double Quote \" \u0022
Increment and Decrement Operators

Examples

Declaring and Setting Variables
Declaration Syntax: type variable_name;
E.g. int square; // declaring variable called square.
square = n * n;
Initialization Syntax:
type variable_name = value_or_expression;
E.g. double cube = n * (double)square;
 You can generally initialize local variables where
they are declared.
 All variables get a safe initial value anyway
(zero/null)

Example

Input and Output
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( ) {
int length, width; Rectangle
int area;
cout<< "Enter the length: ";
cin>> length;
cout<< "Enter the width: ";
cin>> width;
area = length * width;
cout<< "the area of the rectangle is: "<< area<< endl;
cout<< "the perimeter of the rectangle is: "<< (length + width)*2;
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Input and Output
#include<iostream>
#include<math.h> Area of a triangle having sides a,
using namespace std; b and c is given by,
int main( ) s = ( a + b + c )/2
{ area = ( s * (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-
float a, b, c, s, area; c) )1/2
cout << "Enter length of three sides of triangle: ";

cin >> a >> b >> c;
s = (a + b + c) / 2;
area= sqrt( s * (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c) );
Triangle
cout << "Area = " << area << endl;
return 0;
}
Named Constants
Syntax:
const datatype CONSTANTNAME = value;
Circle

setw(width) manipulator

Exercise: write the output.
#include <iomanip> // for setw(m) that will put spaces m-times.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
int numb; //define loop variable
for(numb=1; numb<=10; numb++) //loop from 1 to 10
{
cout<< setw(4) << numb; //display 1st column
int cube = numb*numb*numb; //calculate cube
cout<< setw(6) << cube << endl; //display 2nd column
}
system("pause");
return 0;
}
#include <stdio>
What looks the output like?
int main ( ) { Study how it became 👇
int n = 4, k = 2;
cout << ++n << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << n++ << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << -n << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << --n << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << n-- << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << n + k << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << k << endl;
cout << n << k << endl; cout << n << endl;
cout << " " << n << endl; cout << " n" << endl;
cout << "\n" << endl;
cout << " n * n = "; //CAREFUL!
cout << n * n << endl;
cout << 'n' << endl;
return 0;
}
continued
int x, a, b, c;
a = 2; What will be
b = 4;
c = 5; the value of
x = a-- + b++ - ++c; x?

continued
int x, a;
a = 2; Why x = 12?
x = ++a * --a * ++a;
 For the expression x = ++a*– –a*++a; you would expect

for a = 2, the x = 3 × 2 × 3, but it is equal to 2 × 2 × 3.
 Because value of a is first increased to 3 and then
decreased to 2 before the first multiplication. It is then
increased to 3 and multiplied to 12.
int x, a = 4;
Why x = 19?
x = ++a + ++a + ++a;

Expressions
PART 2 OF CHAPTER 2
Boolean expression
 What is a Boolean expression ?
 It is any expression that is either true or false.
 A Boolean expression consists of two or more

expressions, such as numbers or variables, which
are compared with one of the relational operators.
 Comparison or relational operators are shown below

Continued
 Notice that:- some of the relational operators are
spelled with two symbols.
 Such two-symbol operators should not have any
space between the two symbols.

Continued
 You can combine two or more comparisons using
the logic operators, such as: “and”, “or”, also “not”
spelled as &&, || and ! symbols respectively in C++.
 E.g.1, the following Boolean expression is true
provided x is greater than 2 and x is less than 7:
(2 < x) && (x < 7)
 E.g.2, the following Boolean expression is true
provided x is less than 2 and x is greater than 7:
(2 < x) || (x > 7)

Class Work
 Suppose, when you run the program, you enter the input
2 3 6 from the console. What is the output?

Continued
 If the first of two expressions joined with the || operator is
true, then you know the entire expression is true, no matter
whether the second expression is true or false.
 The C++ language uses this fact to sometimes save itself the
trouble of evaluating the second subexpression in a logical
expression connected with an && or || since C++ first
evaluates the leftmost of the two expressions.
 If that gives it enough information to determine the final
value of the expression (independent of the value of the
second expression), then C++ does not bother to evaluate the
second expression. This method of evaluation is called short-
circuit evaluation.

Bitwise Operations

Operator Precedence

Continued

Continued

Continued

The bool
Data Type
 The result of the comparison is a Boolean value:
true or false.
 A variable that holds a Boolean value is known as a
Boolean variable.
 The bool data type declares a variable with the
value either true or false.
 Internally, C++ uses 1 to represent true and 0 for
false. If you display a bool value to the console, 1 is
displayed if the value is true and 0 if it is false.

Continued
 Assigning a numeric value to a bool variable in C++,
Any nonzero value evaluates to true and zero value
evaluates to false.
bool b1 = -1.5; // Same as bool b1 = true

bool b2 = 0; // Same as bool b2 = false
bool b3 = 1.5; // Same as bool b3 = true
 Show the printout of the following code:
bool b = true;
int i = b;
cout << b << endl;
cout << i << endl;
Quiz 1
1, Explain the differences exist in the expressions
below, given that x = 7 :
( 6 < x++ ) || ( ++x < 8 )
vs.
( 6 < x++ ) | ( ++x < 8 )
2, Both of the expressions are evaluating to 1, and

what will be the value of x latter, computing to
each expression separately?
3, !((y < 3) || (y > 7)) = !(y < 3) && !(y > 7)

Eceg 1052 CH 2

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Basics of C++

 C++ is case sensitive ( i.e. A and a are different. )

E.g. int x = 5; is the same as int x after compiled.

byte -128 .. 127 (8 bits)

short -32,768 .. 32,767 (16 bits)

int -2,147,483,648 .. 2,147,483,647 (32 bits)

long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 .. ... (64 bits)

float +/-10-38 to +/-10+38 and 0, about 6 digits precision

double +/-10-308 to +/-10+308 and 0, about 15 digits precision

char Unicode characters (generally 16 bits per char)

boolean true or false (1 or 0)

int i = 'a'; // Same as: int i = (int)'a';

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Note: the ASCII at \u007F is similar to delete

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cout << "Enter length of three sides of triangle: ";

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 For the expression x = ++a*– –a*++a; you would expect

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 A Boolean expression consists of two or more

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bool b1 = -1.5; // Same as bool b1 = true

2, Both of the expressions are evaluating to 1, and

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 For the expression x = ++a– –a++a; you would expect