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    Cranial Nerves

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    Shayan
    The cranial nerves originate from different parts of the brainstem. The olfactory and optic nerves originate from the cerebrum, while cranial nerves III-XII arise from the midbrain, pons, or medulla. Each cranial nerve can be sensory, motor, or both, with different modalities including general somatic sensory, general visceral sensory, special somatic sensory, special visceral sensory, general somatic motor, general visceral motor, and special visceral motor. The cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem receive sensory inputs and give rise to motor outputs that control functions like eye and facial muscle movement. Key structures involved in eye movement include the oculomotor nucleus, paramedian pontine reticular

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    Cranial Nerves

    Uploaded by

    Shayan
    19 views17 pages
    The cranial nerves originate from different parts of the brainstem. The olfactory and optic nerves originate from the cerebrum, while cranial nerves III-XII arise from the midbrain, pons, or medulla. Each cranial nerve can be sensory, motor, or both, with different modalities including general somatic sensory, general visceral sensory, special somatic sensory, special visceral sensory, general somatic motor, general visceral motor, and special visceral motor. The cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem receive sensory inputs and give rise to motor outputs that control functions like eye and facial muscle movement. Key structures involved in eye movement include the oculomotor nucleus, paramedian pontine reticular

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    The cranial nerves originate from different parts of the brainstem. The olfactory and optic nerves originate from the cerebrum, while cranial nerves III-XII arise from the midbrain, pons, or medulla. Each cranial nerve can be sensory, motor, or both, with different modalities including general somatic sensory, general visceral sensory, special somatic sensory, special visceral sensory, general somatic motor, general visceral motor, and special visceral motor. The cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem receive sensory inputs and give rise to motor outputs that control functions like eye and facial muscle movement. Key structures involved in eye movement include the oculomotor nucleus, paramedian pontine reticular

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views17 pages

    Cranial Nerves

    Uploaded by

    Shayan
    The cranial nerves originate from different parts of the brainstem. The olfactory and optic nerves originate from the cerebrum, while cranial nerves III-XII arise from the midbrain, pons, or medulla. Each cranial nerve can be sensory, motor, or both, with different modalities including general somatic sensory, general visceral sensory, special somatic sensory, special visceral sensory, general somatic motor, general visceral motor, and special visceral motor. The cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem receive sensory inputs and give rise to motor outputs that control functions like eye and facial muscle movement. Key structures involved in eye movement include the oculomotor nucleus, paramedian pontine reticular

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    CRANIAL NERVES

    Origin of the Cranial Nerves

    • There are twelve pair of cranial nerves in total. The olfactory nerve (CN I)
    and optic nerve (CN II) originate from the cerebrum.
    • Cranial nerves III – XII arise from the brain stem . They can arise from
    a specific part of the brain stem (midbrain, pons or medulla), or from a
    junction between two parts:
    • Midbrain – the trochlear nerve (IV) comes from the posterior side of the
    midbrain. It has the longest intracranial length of all the cranial nerves.
    • Midbrain-pontine junction – oculomotor (III).
    • Pons – trigeminal (V).
    • Pontine-medulla junction – abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear (VI-VIII).
    • Medulla oblongata – posterior to the olive: glossopharyngeal, vagus,
    accessory (IX-XI). Anterior to the olive: hypoglossal (XII)
    Modalities

    • Each cranial nerve can be described as being sensory, motor or both.


    • Sensory (afferent) Modalities:
    • General somatic sensory (GSS) – general sensation from skin.
    • General visceral sensory (GVS) – general sensation from viscera.
    • Special somatic sensory (SSS) – senses derived from ectoderm (e.g. sight,
    sound, balance).
    • Special visceral sensory (SVS) – senses derived from endoderm (e.g. taste,
    smell).
    • Motor (efferent) Modalities:
    • General somatic motor (GSM) – skeletal muscles.
    • General visceral motor (GVM) – smooth muscles of gut and autonomic
    motor.
    • Special visceral motor (SVM) – muscles derived from pharyngeal arches.
    CN 1 Olfactory
    Cribriform plate Sensory(SVS) Smell

    CN 2 Optic Optic canal Sensory(SSS) Vision


    CN 3 Oculomotor GSM: 4 extrinsic eye
    muscles and levator
    Superior orbital fissure Motor(GSM palpebrae
    & GVM)
    superioris.GVM:
    pupillary sphincter
    CN 4 Trochlear Superior orbital fissure Motor(GSM) Superior oblique
    CN 5

    Scalp, forehead and


    nose.
    Cheeks, lower eye lid,
    nasal mucosa, upper
    Trigeminal lip, upper teeth and
    Ophthalmic Superior orbital fissure GSS
    palate.
    Maxillary F. Rotundum GSS
    Mandibular F. ovale GSS,SVM GSS: anterior 2/3
    tongue, skin over
    mandible and lower
    teeth.
    SVM: muscles of
    mastication.
    CN 6 Abducens
    Superior
    Motor(GSM) Lateral rectus
    orbital fissure

    CN 7 Facial
    GSS: sensation to part of
    ext. ear.SVS: taste from
    ant. 2/3 tongue, hard
    Internal Both:GSS and soft palate.
    acoustic SVS SVM: muscles of facial
    expression.
    meatus > SVM
    GVM: lacrimal,
    stylomastoid f. GVM submandibular,
    sublingual glands and
    mucous glands of mouth
    and nose.

    CN 8 Vestibulocochle Internal
    ar acoustic Sensory(SSS) Hearing and balance
    meatus
    CN 9 Glossopharynge
    al GSS: post. 1/3 tongue,
    ext. ear, and middle ear
    Both:GSS
    GVS cavity.GVS: carotid body
    Glossopharyng and sinus.
    eal Jugular f. SVS SVS: taste from post. 1/3
    GVM
    SVM tongue.
    GVM: parotid gland.
    SVM: stylopharyngeus
    CN 10 GSS: ext. ear, larynx and pharynx.GVS:
    Both:GSS larynx, pharynx and, thoracic & abdominal
    Jugular GVS viscera.
    Vagus SVS SVS: taste from epiglottis region of tongue
    f.
    GVM GVM: smooth muscles of pharynx, larynx
    SVM and most of the GIT.
    SVM: most muscles of pharynx and larynx.
    CN 11 Spinal GSM: trapezius and
    Jugular Motor(GS
    access sternocleidomastoid.SVM: a few fibres run
    ory f. M & SVM) with CNX to viscera.
    CN 12 Hypoglo
    Hypogl Motor(GS Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
    ossal ssal M) (except the palatoglossus).
    canal
    CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
    • The cranial nerve nuclei are made up of the
    neurons in the brainstem that receive primary
    sensory inputs or that give rise to motor
    outputs. 
    The Edinger–Westphal nuclei
    • The Edinger–Westphal nuclei controls the
    pupillary light reflex and accommodation
    responses of the lens
    THE OCULOMOTOR NUCLEUS
    • The oculomotor nucleus helps to adjust and
    coordinate eye position during movement
    through oculomotor nerve.
    Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation

    • The abducens nucleus is the key pathway for


    conjugate horizontal gaze movements.
    • The nucleus contains abducens motor
    neurons, internuclear neurons, and neurons
    that project to the paramedian tracts (PMT).
    • The paramedian pontine reticular formation
    (PPRF) is the brainstem structure responsible
    for generating horizontal conjugate gaze.
    Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

    • The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a


    fiber tract that extends from the spinal cord to
    the oculomotor nerve nucleus. It contains
    primarily ascending fibers.
    • An abnormality of the MLF causes problems
    with horizontal, vertical, and torsional gaze
    coordination of the two eyes.
    Rostral Interstitial Nucleus of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus

    • The rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal


    fasciculus (riMLF) is appears to be the immediate premotor
    area for vertical fast eye movements, upward and
    downward, as well as torsional.
    • These nuclei project to the trochlear nerve and oculomotor
    nerve nuclei. Its function is thus analogous to the PPRF for
    vertical eye movements.
    • Lesions of this are produce the ocular tilt reaction: an
    ipsilateral head tilt with depression and extorsion of the
    ipsilateral eye and an elevation and intorsion of the
    contralateral eye.
    Posterior Commissure and Nucleus of the Posterior Commissure

    • Lesions in this region produce abnormalities of


    upward gaze.
    • Involvement of the posterior commissure may be
    part of the dorsal midbrain syndrome (Parinaud
    syndrome). In this syndrome, there is impairment of
    upwardly directed saccades or, in extreme cases, loss
    of all vertical movement.
    • Other signs include pupillary mydriasis and light-
    near pupillary dissociation, corectopia, and
    convergence-retraction nystagmus.
    Superior Colliculus

    • play a role in both ocular motor and sensory


    function. The superior colliculus receives visual input
    directly from branches of retinal ganglion cell axons.
    Visual input also comes indirectly from the visual
    cortex, the parietal and frontal lobes, and the
    substantia nigra. There are efferent projections to
    the brainstem premotor areas, both PPRF and riMLF.
    • The superior colliculus can generate visually directed
    saccades independently and may play a role in the
    control of pursuit eye movements.
    Cerebellum

    • The cerebellum is involved in the modulation


    of all types of eye movements.
    • stabilizing eye on an object (gaze holding),
    • smooth pursuit,
    • combined head and eye tracking,
    • saccade and
    • adjustment of the vestibule-ocular reflex.

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