Chapter 6 Audio
Chapter 6 Audio
Chapter 6 Audio
IN
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Topics
6.1 Environmental monitoring
6.2 Storm water drainage
6.2.1 Preliminary period
6.2.2 Middle and latter stage of construction
6.3 Wastewater Management
6.3.1 The origin and harm of construction wastewater
6.3.2 Disposal Management of Construction wastewater
6.4 Noise construction management
6.4.1 Basic Noise Measurement Method
6.4.2 Identification of Noise Source
6.4.3 Noise Monitoring
6.4.4 Measures for Noise Control
6.5 Air Quality and Atmospheric Particulate Matter Control
6.5.1 Dust Monitoring and Dust/Fume Control
6.6 Solid Wastes Management in construction project
Environmental monitoring
The Environmental Monitoring system is divided in two subsystems:
Many other probes exists in Virgo, mainly devoted to the sensing and control of
the interferometer: suspensions system, detector motion, …
Building Control System
4
- Magnetometers.
Probes
What is Storm Water?
Storm water is untreated water created from rain or melting
snow that does not soak into the ground, but runs into nearby
waterways.
What we do on the land affects the water quality and the habitat
of our creeks and rivers. It also affects our quality of life, our
fisheries, and our recreation.
STORM DRAIN POLLUTION
The biggest water quality problems don’t come
from a discharge pipe. They come from stormwater
washing off the land—roads and rooftops, lawns
and construction sites, parking lots and driveways.
Type Purpose
Detention Reduce peak flow into system
Source: NIOSH, Occupational Noise, Revised Criteria, 1998. Table 1-1, and OSHA, 1910.95 (b)(2); Table G-16
18
PERSONAL
DOSIMETER IN-EAR SOUND LEVEL
Source: DOSIMETER METER
3-M Company website :
https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/compa Source: State Building & Source: State Building &
ny-us/all-3m-products/~/ Construction Trades Council of Construction Trades Council of
3M-NoisePro-Dosimeter-Kit-NP-DLX-A
C3-AC300-Calibrator?N=5002385+87 California, AFL-CIO: Construction California, AFL-CIO: Construction
09322+8711405+3293843541&rt=rud Noise & Hearing Loss Prevention Noise & Hearing Loss Prevention
training program, Funded by training program, Funded by
Federal OSHA, 2015 (courtesy of Federal OSHA, 2015 (courtesy of
Howard Leight, Honeywell). Howard Leight, Honeywell).
Ways To Control Construction Noise 19
Source: NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topics, Controls for Noise Exposure
Examples of Engineering and 20
Maintain equipment
Belts
Lubrication
What Employers Should Do 21
to Protect You
Plan: Before the job starts identify noisy tasks and equipment and
plan for controlling noise – including buying or renting quieter
equipment.
Reusable plugs
clean with soap and water, replace when
damaged
Custom plugs
wash in mild soapy water
Care and Maintenance 25
Banded or semi-aural
Clean and replace pods regularly
Earmuffs
Wipe down with damp cloth, or remove
cushions and wash in soapy water
Replace cushions if torn or cracked
Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) 26
1. Roll
entire earplug
into a crease-
free cylinder 2. Pull Back ear
by reaching over head with
free hand, gently pull top of
ear up and out
3. Insert
earplug well
into ear canal
and hold until
it fully
expands
Source: State Building & Construction Trades Council of California, AFL-CIO: Construction Noise & Hearing Loss Prevention training program, Funded
by Federal OSHA, 2015 (courtesy of Howard Leight, Honeywell )
SUSTAINABLE FOREST
MANAGEMENT,
BIODIVERSITY and LIVELIHOODS
This presentation has been prepared as part of the publication “Sustainable Forest Management,
Biodiversity and Livelihoods: A Good Practice Guide”. The CBD endorses the use and modification
of these presentation materials for non-commercial purposes. If modifying the presentation
materials, photograph credits should be maintained.
i Forestry, biodiversity, and poverty reduction
INTRODUCTION
wholly dependent on forests, while 350 million people depend on
forests for a high degree for subsistence and income (World Bank
2004).
aesthetic value
forest habitats.
Regulating Services Supporting Services
Tropical moist forests are home to
▪ Invasion resistance ▪ Primary production
the largest number of threatened ▪ Herbivory ▪ Provision of habitat
species of any biome. It is assumed ▪ Pollination ▪ Nutrient cycling
▪ Seed dispersal ▪ Soil formation and
that numerous, but not yet ▪ Climate regulation retention
scientifically described, species are ▪ Pest regulation ▪ Production of
▪ Disease regulation atmospheric oxygen
presently being lost together with ▪ Water cycling
▪ Natural hazard
their tropical forest habitats (MEA protection
2005). ▪ Erosion regulation
MEA (2005)
▪ Water purification
i Environmental impacts of forestry
Forestry can have a variety of negative impacts on biodiversity,
particularly when carried out without management standards
INTRODUCTION
designed to protect natural assets.
Biodiversity loss: Unsustainable forest operations and other pressures on
forest resources, such as gathering of fuelwood, can lead to forest
degradation and permanent losses in biodiversity.
INTRODUCTION
biodiversity conservation, while also delivering social and
economic benefits to host communities.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM): The General Assembly of the UN
has adopted the most widely, intergovernmentally agreed defition of SFM
as: a dynamic and evolving concept aims to maintain and enhance the
economic, social and environmental value of all types of forests, for the
benefit of present and future generations (UN 2008, Resolution 62/98).
Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices can include some of the following:
Directional tree felling to inflict the smallest impact on the surrounding forest;
Establishing stream buffer zones and watershed protection areas;
Using improved technologies to reduce damage to the soil caused by log extraction;
Careful planning to prevent excess roads which give access to transient settlers
i Some current trends: Forest biodiversity
Forest biodiversity is being lost at an alarming rate. Key publications
such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005) and the Red
List of Threatened Species™ (IUCN 2004) indicate that a large and
increasing number of forest ecosystems, populations and species are
INTRODUCTION
threatened globally or being lost due to the loss and degradation of forest
habitats.
The percentage of forest area designated for the conservation of
biological diversity has increased significantly between 1990 and 2005,
with an estimated 11.2% of total forest area having this objective as its
primary function.
Forested wetlands represent a particularly vulnerable forest type.
Forested wetlands are highly biodiversity-rich and provide significant
ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, and they underpin
productive fisheries.
Areas under agriculture and pasture are expanding, often at the expense
of forest.
i Some current trends:
Sustainable use and consumption
More than 1.6 billion people depend to varying degrees on forests for
INTRODUCTION
their livelihoods, e.g. fuelwood, medicinal plants and forest foods.
The consumption of main timber products (roundwood, sawnwood,
pulp, paper) is expected to increase over the next 30 years.
Illegal and /or unsustainable logging and harvesting of forest
products seriously undermine national efforts to improve sustainable
forest management in many countries. Governments, mostly in
developing countries, lose an estimated US$15 billion a year as a result
of uncollected taxes and royalties.
There has been significant growth in some non-timber forest
products (NTFP) markets with extension of market systems to more
remote areas; growing interest in products such as herbal medicines,
wild foods, handcrafted utensils, and decorative items; and
development projects focused on production and trade of NTFPs.
Some current trends:
i
Sustainable use and consumption
Civil society and private sector players are playing an increasingly
important role in management of forest products, reflecting the
public’s desire to secure a range of ecosystem services from forests.
INTRODUCTION
There has been a strong move toward both privatization and the
decentralization of control over forests, forest management services,
and enterprise.
Market-based responses are redistributing rights to stakeholders,
making them more effective in securing both wood supplies and other
ecosystem services.
The forest area under certification has increased rapidly in recent
years. However, to date this trend is seen primarily in industrialized
countries, and only locally in developing countries, and certification
does not yet seem to be affecting timber production or trade at a
significant scale.
Biodiversity in forest management
>> Biodiversity in production forests
GOOD PRACTICES
The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have developed
“Guidelines for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in
tropical timber production forests” (ITTO and IUCN 2009). The guidelines
include, amongst others:
CASE STUDY
Biodiversity in production forests (Malaysia)
GOOD PRACTICES
Approximately 1.5 million hectares in the Malaysian state of Sarawak are
degraded forests, earmarked for tree plantations (Hevea brasiliensis (rubber)
and Acacia mangium)
The project will eventually produce 5 million tonnes of industrial wood per
year and simultaneously play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation in the
state of Sarawak.
GOOD PRACTICES
Rubber Agroforestry (Sumatra)
GOOD PRACTICES
Three quarters of the forests in the watershed of China’s Miyun
Reservoir – which provides most of the drinking water for Beijing’s 17
million residents – are in poor condition.
Many of the residents of the watershed are poor and economically
disadvantaged, especially compared to their neighbours in the city.
The IUCN Livelihoods and Landscape Strategy is working with the
Beijing Forestry Society to enhance local peoples’ access to forest
products, improve benefits for community livelihoods, and increase
household income by 25%. Activities being undertaken include:
Developing a multi-stakeholder landscape and biodiversity restoration plan
for the Miyun reservoir watershed
Investigating and improving the potential for alternative energy sources,
NTFP production and ecotourism
Improving compensation schemes for the ecosystem services of the Miyun
reservoir.
GOOD PRACTICES
The 506,200 ha Alto Juruá Extractive Reserve (AJER), is located in the
westernmost part of the Amazon, and was created in 1990.
The creation of AJER has allowed inhabitants within the reserve to
organise to create management plans, and to allocate responsibilities for
reserve governance.
More secure land and tenure rights accompanying reserve creation
have led to diversification of the local economy — beans have replaced
rubber as the primary commodity, and are grown mainly on riverbanks.
Analysis of forest cover changes during the first decade of AJER’s
establishment (1989-2000) indicates deforestation to have occurred in
only 1% of the area.
There have been indications of recovery of threatened species such as
jaguar, tapir, peccaries, and several species of primates, assumed to be
linked to the depopulation of remote forest areas.
GOOD PRACTICES
The Novella Africa Initiative is a public-private partnership formed in
2002 by Unilever, a number of internataional NGOs , and governmental
organizations and NGOs in Africa.
GOOD PRACTICES
The Reserva Comunal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo in the Peruvian Amazon
comprises some 3,225 km2.
The diversity of mammals in the reserve is greater than in any other
protected area in the Amazon, and possibly globally.
Hunting pressure is limited to local subsistence consumption, sales of
dried meat to Iquitos, and peccary pelts for sale to overseas markets.
Wildlife management draws on community-based and co-
management strategies, involving local communities, government
agencies, NGO extension workers and researchers.
Decisions on resource use and management are voted upon during
community meetings, and are informed by research and monitoring.
Data shows that harvests of all species except tapir are sustainable,
and ways are being sought to ensure that tapir hunting is also reduced
to sustainable levels.
GOOD PRACTICES
Costa Rica’s Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) recognizes four
environmental services provided by forests: mitigation of greenhouse gas
emissions, hydrological services, biodiversity conservation, and provision
of scenic beauty for recreation and ecotourism.
Landowners must submit a sustainable forest management plan,
prepared by a licensed forester, describing plans for preventing poaching
and illegal harvesting, and outlining monitoring schedules.
Payments for landowners: US$64/ha/year for forest conservation plans,
and US$816/ha over 10 years for plantations.
GOOD PRACTICES
Congolaise Industrielle des Bois (CIB) manages a 1.3 million hectare
area of Congolese forest home to 9,000 Mbendjele Pygmies.
National Forest Programmes National strategy for sustainable FAO / UNFF www.nfp-
(NFPs) forest management facility.org/home/en
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers National and regional strategies World Bank and International www.imf.org/
(PSRPs) for development Monetary Fund external/np/prsp/
prsp.asp
National and local forest Basic tool for forest decision- National and local forest
inventories and management making at local level administrations
plans
CASE STUDY
Local tenure facilitating forest restoration and poverty reduction
(Tanzania)
GOOD PRACTICES
The HASHI (Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga—Swahili for soil conservation)
project supports restoration of ngitili (forest and shrubland set aside as
traditional grazing and fodder reserves).
Prior to the HASHI project, the forest lands of Shinyanga were highly
degraded as a result of government (both colonial and postcolonial)
policies, such as villagization and commercial coffee growing.
The 2002 Forest Act permits forest tenure at the local level through
Village land forest reserves and Community forest reserves; rights to use
and sell forest products from ngitili are recognized.
“the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation
of genetic resources…”
The properties of some genetic resources from timber and non-timber
forest products have contributed to the development of a broad range of
products, including pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
The Convention establishes that a person or institution seeking access to
a biological resource in a foreign country in order to use its genetic
material, should seek the prior informed consent of the country in which
the resource is located.
The sharing of benefits, through technology transfer, research results,
training, and profits can contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable
development in biodiversity rich developing countries.
Sharing of benefits can take the form of payment of royalties, joint
ownership over property rights, provision of equipment, etc..
EXAMPLES
Genetic resources from timber and non-timber forest products
GOOD PRACTICES
The properties of some genetic resources from timber and non-timber
forest products have contributed to the development of a broad range
of products, including pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
Some examples include:
Calanolide A and Calanolide B, compounds isolated from the latex
of Calophyllum tree species, found in the Malaysian rain forest, have
shown potential to provide treatment for the human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1);
Cussonia zimmermannii, a tree found in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda
and Mozambique and widely distributed in South Africa is used as a
remedy for mental disorders;
The bark of the Prunus Africana tree, in sub-Saharan Africa has
been used by local communities for the treatment of a variety of
illnesses, including malaria, syphilis, high blood pressure, Asthma,
etc.
Communication, education and public awareness
One of the core principles of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is
that it reflects a diverse range of societal values in reference to forest
GOOD PRACTICES
GOOD PRACTICES
The Green Wave is an ongoing global biodiversity education project
that encourages young people to make a difference in conserving the
basis for life on Earth.
The Green Wave invites children and youth in schools and groups
worldwide to plant a tree at 10 a.m. local time on 22 May – the
International Day for Biological Diversity – creating a “green wave”
across time-zones.
Participants upload photos and text to The Green Wave website (
http://greenwave.cbd.int/) to share their tree-planting stories with
others. An interactive map goes live in the evening at 20:10 local time,
creating a second, virtual, “green wave”.
In 2009, 42 schools and 1430 students in Managua, Nicaragua
participated in The Green Wave campaign.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Mitigation Plan: what must be done Monitoring Plan: whether measures are
implemented & effective
Example: Environmental Mitigation Plan
For The Foundry
Construction Phase
Project Activity Potential Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Costs
Environment Responsibility US$
al Impacts
Use of land within the Damage to Appropriate clearing techniques (hand Contractor/ “5000”
plant construction area, vegetation clearing, not mechanized clearing) will be Plant
and along the access utilized. Any trees of protected species will Operating
road route be relocated. In case relocation is not Company
possible, the project developer will agree
with the MoEnv on a practical compensation
to protect specific trees
Use of land within the Loss of Fertile topsoil will be removed, stored in an Contractor/ “5000”
plant construction area, fertile topsoil isolated area away from construction Plant
and along the access and soil activities, and covered with plastic to prevent Operating
road route erosion runoff/erosion. Upon construction Company
completion, topsoil will be returned and the
area revegetated with plants similar to the
original vegetation/native to the area.
Construction works Air pollution When necessary, construction site will be Contractor/ 2000
by dust sprayed with water, particularly during hot, Plant
dry, windy conditions. Operating
Company
Construction works Noise from Construction will be confined to normal work- Contractor/ -
construction hours (7AM to 7PM). If construction must be Plant
works conducted before/after these hours, local Operating
Example: Environmental Mitigation Plan
For the Foundry
Operation Phase
Project Potential Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Costs
Activity Environmental Responsibility US$
Impacts
Coal Air emissions of Low-NOx burners and water Power plant 0.8
Combustion NOx, SO2, CO, injection to control NOx; operator million
particulate Firing only low-sulfur (<0.1% by Power plant
facilitate dispersion.
Equipment Noise from Acoustic enclosures for the Power plant 150,000
Operation equipment combustion turbines to ensure that operator
noise does not exceed 70 dB(A) at S&I Contractor
100 m
All Workers Health Personnel protective equipment will Power plant 50,000
operation and Safety be used (gloves, glasses, safety operator
phases belts)
WHS training will be provided to
workers monthly
Safety engineer will be assigned to
the site
Example: Environmental Monitoring Plan
For the Foundry
Construction Phase
Potential What parameter is Where s the How is the When / by whom Cost
Environmental to be monitored? parameter to be parameter to be is the parameter
Impacts monitored? monitored? to be monitored?
Damage to Clearing techniques Plant site, pipeline Visual and by Monthly throughout -
vegetation and relocation and access road comparison with construction period;
procedures utilized; line routes pre-construction Contractor/
record of photo survey Supervisor Engineer
compensation
provided as agreed
with MoEnv
Loss of fertile Soil storage Soil storage sites Visual Weekly during site -
topsoil and soil procedures and preparation and
erosion location construction period
Contractor
Air pollution by Dust level All active Visual During construction -
dust construction sites Contractor/
Supervisor Engineer
Noise pollution Noise level, dB[A] All active Measurements by a During construction,
from construction construction sites licensed Contractor
works organization using
certified
measurement
devices
Example: Environmental Monitoring Plan
For the Foundry
Operation Phase
Potential What parameter is to be Where is the How is the parameter to When/ by whom is
Environmental monitored? parameter to be be monitored? the parameter to be
Impacts monitored? monitored?
Air emissions of The applicable standards are: (1) At the stack of the By continuous monitoring Initial test at
NOx, SO2, CO, and NO2 ≤ 400 mg/m3; (2) SO2 ≤ plant equipment supplied with the commissioning and
particulate matter 850 mg/m3; (3) CO ≤ 150 power plant; costs are part of annual subsequently.
(PM) mg/m3; (4) PM ≤ 100 mg/m3 the self-monitoring plan for Continuous for NOx and
the plant – could be easily CO. Plant management
estimated
Noise from Noise level, dB[A]. Applicable At 100 meter from Measurements by a licensed Once before
construction works limits are 70 dB(A) at 100 m the border of the site organization using certified commissioning of the
(closest end to a measurement devices; plant and annually when
residential area) national standard costs the plant is in operation
Workers Health and Usage of personnel protective At the site Visual checking usage of Equipment: daily by
Safety equipment protective equipment; safety engineer
Records of the training
Records of WHS training
held/attendance Training records:
monthly by safety
engineer
EXAMPLE: ROADS CONSTRUCTION EMP
EXAMPLE: ROAD CONSTRUCTION EMP
Incorporating
X Environmental
Management in
Construction
Procurement and
Contracting
X Bills of Quantities
X Environmental Auditor
X
Performance bond
(“damage deposit”)
Common Problems of EMPs
Mitigation measure:
Monitoring indicator: