Lecture 3 - Electrical 101

ELECTRICAL 101
PRESENTED BY
U AUNG NAING OO
DC CURRENT
• DC stands for Direct Current, which is electrical
current that flows in one direction.
• As the direct current flows, the electrons, which
constitute the electric charge, flow from the point of
low potential to the point of high potential.
• The electrons move from the negative terminal to
the positive terminal and the resulting current is in
the opposite direction (from positive to negative).
• Sources of direct Current
- DC generators
- Batteries
- DC power converters that rectify the AC
- Solar panels
- Thermocouples
DC VOLTAGE
• DC voltage stands for “Direct Current Voltage”.
• The term “DC” has become used more broadly to
refer to a system that has constant polarity.
• Hence DC voltage is a voltage that produces a
DC current.
• The DC is usually used in low-voltage
applications such as battery operated equipment.
• There are a variety of DC voltage levels, typical
values are 1.2, 1.5, 3, 3.3, 3.6, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15,
18, 18.5, 19, 20, 24, and 48 Volts.
• An ideal DC supply should provide a constant
voltage and adequate current throughout the
operation of the equipment.
DC POWER
In simple DC Circuits, the power formula is given
below:
P=V×I
Power in resistive DC Circuits is just the product
of voltage and current.
According to Ohm’s Law, the voltage in a circuit
(or component) is a product of the resistance
and the current.
V=I×R
Power Formula
P = V × (V/R) = V2/R
P = (I×R) × I = I2R
DC VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
AC CURRENT
• Alternating Current, abbreviation AC,
flow of electric charge that periodically
reverses.
• It starts, say, from zero, grows to a
maximum, decreases to zero, reverses,
reaches a maximum in the opposite
direction, returns again to the original
value, and repeats this cycle
indefinitely.
• AC current is I=I0 sin(2πf)t
where I is the current at time t , and
I0=V0/R is the peak current, and f is
the frequency in hertz
AC FREQUENCY AND TIME
AC VOLTAGE
• If a machine is constructed to rotate a magnetic
field around a set of stationary wire coils with the
turning of a shaft, AC voltage will be produced
across the wire coils as that shaft is rotated, in
accordance with Faraday’s Law of
electromagnetic induction.
• This is the basic operating principle of an AC
generator, also known as an alternator.
• The voltage between the terminals fluctuates as
shown, with the AC voltage given by
• V=V0sin(2πf)t
where V is the voltage at time t , V 0 is the peak
voltage, and f is the frequency in hertz.
AC POWER
Power Formulas in Single Phase AC Power Formulas in Three Phase AC
Circuits Circuits
P = V x I x Cos Ф P = √3 x VL x IL x Cos Ф
Where Cos Ф is the power factor of P = 3 x VPh x IPh x Cos Ф

the circuit.
RESISTANCE IN AC CIRCUIT
• The pure resistive AC circuit contains only pure resistance of R
ohms.
• The alternate current and voltage move along both directions
as backwards and forwards.
• The current and voltage follow a shape of sine.
• In a purely resistive circuit, the power is dissipated by the
resistors and the phase of both voltage and current remains
the same.
• This means that the voltage and current reaches a maximum
value at the same time.
INDUCTANCE IN AC CIRCUIT
• Inductors and chokes are basically coils or loops of wire that are
either wound around a hollow tube former (air cored) or wound
around some ferromagnetic material (iron cored) to increase their
inductive value called inductance.
• Inductors store their energy in the form of a magnetic field that is
created when a voltage is applied across the terminals of an inductor.
• The growth of the current flowing through the inductor is not instant
but is determined by the inductors own self-induced or back emf
value.
• For an inductor coil, this back emf voltage V L is proportional to the
rate of change of the current flowing through it.
• In case of pure inductive circuit, the total power of the circuit would
have zero.
CAPACITANCE IN AC CIRCUIT
• A capacitor includes two insulating plates which are
separated by a dielectric medium.
• Usually, a capacitor works as a storage device and it gets
charged if the supply is on and it gets discharged if the
supply is off.
• As the supply voltage increases and decreases, the
capacitor charges and discharges with respect to this
change.
• In case of pure capacitive circuit, the total power of the
circuit would have zero.
AC POWER FACTOR
ELECTROMAGNETISM
• Electromagnetism is a process where a magnetic field is
created by introducing the current in the conductor.
• When a conductor is electrically charged it generates
magnetic lines of force of conductor.
• If current moving in a wire, it produces the magnetic field
along the wire, and the direction of magnetic lines and force
can be determined using Right-hand Rule.
• The amount of magnetic field force generated by a coiled
wire is proportional to the current through the wire
multiplied by the number of “turns” or “wraps” of wire in the
coil.
• An electromagnet is a piece of wire intended to generate a
magnetic field with the passage of electric current through it.
• An electromagnet is usually constructed in such a way as to
maximize the strength of the magnetic field it produces for a
special purpose.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
An electrical machine is a device which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy or vice versa. Electrical machines also include transformers,
which do not actually make conversion between mechanical and electrical form
but they convert AC current from one voltage level to another voltage level.
• Electric Generator:
An electric generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy. A generator works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction. It states that whenever a conductor moves in a magnetic field, an
emf gets induced within the conductor. This phenomenon is called as generator
action.
• Electric Motor:
A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, the conductor experiences a mechanical force and this is the principle
behind motoring action.
• Transformers:
Transformers do not actually make conversion between mechanical and
electrical energy, but they transfer electric power from one circuit to another
circuit. They can increase or decrease (step-up or step-down) the voltage while
transferring the power without changing the frequency, but with the
corresponding decrease or increase in the current.
QUESTIONS ARE WELCOME
THANK YOU

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ELECTRICAL 101

Where Cos Ф is the power factor of P = 3 x VPh x IPh x Cos Ф

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