Er Chapter 3
Er Chapter 3
Er Chapter 3
Reaching
Moving
1- Standing
A- Sitting Height
B- Sitting Eye Height
C- Waist Depth
D- Thigh Clearance
E- Buttock-to-Knee
F- Knee Height
G- Seat Length/Depth
H- Popliteal Height
3- Reaching
• While sitting or standing, an individual at work will usually
have to reach for something.
• The workstation, and parts that go with workstations (such as
overhead storage and pedestals), should allow the majority of
movement of the user’s body joints within healthy zones.
• When designing products, consider how much individuals will
have to reach in order to minimize awkward or unhealthy
positions.
4- Moving
capability, etc.
• Therefore, designers should be cautious that the worst design
mistake they can make is, probably, to design to their own
personal specifications (the syndrome of “if I can use it, it must be
designed well”).
• Such a mistake can be avoided by using the relevant
anthropometric data in design of the workplace for the work-force
population.
The design of workstations should be based upon anthropometric
data, behavioral patterns of employees, and specific requirements
of the work being done.
For example, the height at which work takes place is important in
designing workstations. Work should be located to suit the height
of the operator, whether sitting or standing.
If the work is located too high, the neck and shoulders may suffer
due to the shoulders frequently being raised to compensate for the
incorrect height.
If the work is located too low, a backache can result from
required leaning and bowing the back.
Adjustable work tables allow operators to determine a
comfortable working height. Anthropometric dimensions can also
be used in workplace layout to optimize vertical and horizontal
reaches and grasps.
General principles for workstation design
A 19° angle formed by the lifeline A bent handle allows the wrist to be
under the ball of the hand maintained straight.
Ergonomics principles for hand-tool design and
evaluation
a) Awkward b) Good
Avoid tool handles with sharp corners, edges, or pinch points. Tool handles should
be either round or oval. All pinch points should be eliminated or effectively
guarded.
The tool-handle surface should be compressible, non-conductive, and smooth.
However, handles should have enough coefficient of friction to minimize hand-
gripping forces required for tool control.
comparison of
(a) an inappropriate tool handle that requires an awkward wrist
posture and creates high forces in the unprotected palm of the hand and (b) an
improved tool handle that allows the wrist to be in a more neutral posture and
distributes forces over a larger, more muscular area of the hand.
Special-purpose tools help reduce excessive force and prevent wrist deviation.
Use power grips for power, and use precision grips for precision.
Substitute power tools for hand tools that require high force levels.
Common work place motions