SUBJECT: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

COURSE CONTENT
1.0 Basics of Digital Electronics
Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal number systems -comparison with Decimal system-Conversion of
a given decimal number into Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal numbers and vice versa-
Conversion of a given binary number into octal and hexadecimal number system and vice
versa- binary addition, subtraction, Multiplication and Division ,1's complement and 2's
complement numbers of a binary number subtraction of binary numbers in 2's complement
method- Use of weighted and Un-weighted codes- Binary equivalent number for a number in
8421, Excess-3 and Gray Code and vice-versa- Use of alphanumeric codes (ASCII &
EBCDIC)- importance of parity Bit Different postulates in Boolean algebra- Basic logic gates
AND, OR, NOT gates with truth table- universal logic gates (NAND, NOR gates) - exclusive -
OR gate with truth table- De-Morgan's theorems- AND, OR, NOT operations using NAND,
NOR gates- De-Morgan's theorems related postulates to simplify Boolean expressions (up to
three variables)- standard representations for logical functions (SOP and POS form)
- Boolean expressions from the given truth table Karnaugh map to simplify Boolean
Expression (up to 4 variables only).

2.0 Different logic families

Classification of digital logic families- Important characteristics of Digital ICs-Logic levels
and Voltage requirements of TTL and CMOS ICs - Propagation delay and Noise margin- Fan-
in and Fan-out capacity- Power dissipation- Figure of merit of a logic family- explain TTL
NAND gate with open collector- TTL NAND gate with Totem pole output- CMOS NAND
gate circuit -Compare TTL, CMOS and ECL logic families- IC numbers of two input Digital
IC Logic gates.
3.0 Combinational logic circuits
Concept of combinational logic circuits- Half adder circuit –truth table- Half-adder using
NAND gates only &NOR gates only- Full adder circuit - Truth table- Full-adder using two
Half-adders and an OR -gate - a 4 Bit parallel adder using full - adders- 2's compliment parallel
adder/ subtract or circuit- Serial adder -Performance of serial and parallel adder- Operation of
4 X 1 Multiplexers- Operation of 1 to 4DE multiplexer-
IC numbers -applications- 3 X 8 decoder- BCD to decimal decoder- Decoders- Decimal to
BCD encoder- IC numbers -Applications - Tri-state buffer - Types of tri-state buffers-
Applications - Digital comparator.
4.0 Sequential logic circuits
Concept of Sequential logic circuits- NAND and NOR latches with truth tables Necessity of
clock - Concept of level clocking and edge triggering, Clocked SR flip flop circuit using
NAND gates- Need for preset and clear inputs - Circuit of level Clocked JK flip flop (using
S-R flip-flops) with truth table Race around condition- Master slave JK flip flop circuit –
Level clocked D and T flip flops - Truth table, Circuit diagram and timing diagram- Symbols
of above Flip Flops- Truth tables of edge triggered D and T flip flops - Applications for each
type of flip flop- Need for a Register - Types of registers- 4 bit shift left and shift right
registers - 4-bit bi-directional shift Register - Parallel in parallel out shift register - Universal
shift register (74194 ) - Applications of shift registers.
5.0 Counters and Semiconductor memories
Modulus of a counter- 4-bit asynchronous counter -Asynchronous decade counter with a
circuit - 4-bit synchronous counter -Differences between synchronous and asynchronous
counters- asynchronous 3 bit up-down counter - IC numbers of flip flops, Registers and
counters - Ring counter- applications - Types of memories - Memory read operation, write
operation, access time, memory capacity, address lines and word length- ROM and RAM
Diode ROM- EEPROM and UVPROM- Dynamic MOS RAM cell static RAM and dynamic
RAM- Applications of Flash ROM.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Digital Computer Electronics by Malvino and leach. 3rdedition Tata McGraw-Hill
Education
2. Modern Digital Electronics By RP JAIN TMH
3 Digital Electronics: Principles & Applications by Roger L. Tokenism -McGraw-Hill
Education, 2008
4. Digital Electronics by GK Kharate, Oxford University Press.
 UNIT-1
Basics of Digital Electronics
INTRODUCTION

 What is Signal?

 Define analog signal?

 Define Digital signal?

 Define Electronics?
Definition of Signal
In electronics, a signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field used to convey data
from one place to another.

The most basic division of the electric signals is the division into analogue and digital
signals. 

1.Analogue signals – continuous in values and time,

2.Digital signals – discrete in values and time,

The fundamental difference between analogue and digital signal is that analogue signal is
represented by the sine waves whereas, the digital signal is represented by square waves.
Define Electronics
A branch of physics that deals with the emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons (as
in electron tubes and transistors) and with electronic devices.

 electronic components, devices, or equipment.

or

Electronics is the branch of science that deals with the study of flow and control of electrons
(electricity) and the study of their behaviour and effects in vacuums, gases, and
semiconductors, and with devices using such electrons.

This control of electrons is accomplished by devices (electronic components) that resist, carry,
select, steer, switch, store, manipulate, and exploit the electron.
Example of a digital electronic system
Mobile phone, Computer.
 As you speak into the phone, the digital electronic circuits it contains converts your voice into
a series of electronic pulses (or 1s and 0s).
 When the computer operator presses the letter ‘H’ on the keyboard, the motherboard converts
this into a digital signal composed of 1s and 0s. The ‘H’ in the form of 1s and 0s is displayed
on the monitor.
 
Number Systems
 The number system is a way to represent or express numbers.
  Number Systems are useful in digital computer technology.
 The knowledge of these systems is very essential in designing the digital systems and to
perform reliable and economic arithmetic operations.
 There are two types of numbering systems:
i)Non-positional Ex : Roman numerical system
ii) Positional number system
 In this ,the position of a digit indicates the significance to be attached to that digit.
 Position number systems have a radix or base.
 Continua…
• In the context of digital computers, we define other types of number systems.
Decimal Number System (Base 10):
 Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9.
 Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in
this number system.
 The base of decimal number system is 10, because it has only 10
digits
 For example, the value of 786 is
= 7 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 6 x 100
= 700 + 80 + 6
Binary Number System:
 A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1.
 Every number (value) represents with 0 and 1 in this number
system.
 The base of binary number system is 2, because it has only two
digits.
 For example, (101101)2 in decimal is
= 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
= 1 x 32 + 0 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1
= 32 + 8 + 4 + 1
= (45)10
Octal number system:
 Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7.
 Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this
number system. The base of octal number system is 8, because it has
only 8 digits.

 For example, (24)8 in decimal is

= 2×81+4×80
= (20)10
Hexadecimal number system:
 A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values
from 0 to 9 and A to F.
 Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E
and F in this number system.
 The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16
alphanumeric values.
 Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.
 NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION

BINARY-TO-DECIMAL CONVERSION:
 If a binary number has to be converted into decimal number, then
we should multiply, the positional values of each bit with the bit
value and add.

 Binary Number is : (11000000111001)2

Examples
1. (10101)2 = ( ? )10
Solution:
(10101)2= (-)10
10101
=1×24+0×23+1×22+0×21+1×20
=1×16+0×8+1×4+0×2+1×1
=21
∴(10101)2=(21̲)10
2. (110101001)2 = ( ? )10
Solution:
(110101001)2=(- )10
110101001
=1×28+1×27+0×26+1×25+0×24+1×23+0×22+0×21+1×20

=1×256+1×128+0×64+1×32+0×16+1×8+0×4+0×2+1×1

=425

∴(110101001)2=(425̲)10
Binary Fractions
Example No1
Now lets suppose we have the following binary number of: (1101.0111)2, what
will be its decimal number equivalent.

1101.0111 = (1×23) + (1×22) + (0×21) + (1×20) + (0×2-1) + (1×2-2) + (1×2-3) +

(1×2-4)

= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16

= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 13.437510

Hence the decimal equivalent number of (1101.0111)2 is given as: 13.437510

Examples
i)0.11 = (1×2-1) + (1×2-2) = 0.5 + 0.25 = 0.7510

ii)11.001 = (1×21) + (1×20) + (1×2-3) = 2 + 1 + 0.125 = 3.12510

iii)1011.111 = (1×23) + (1×21) + (1×20) (1×2-1) + (1×2-2) + (1×2-3)

= 8 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.125 = 11.87510
iv)Represent binary number 1101.101 in power of 2 and find its
decimal equivalent.
v) (11011)2 convert this binary number into decimal.
vi)(0.101)2 convert this binary number into decimal.
vii)Convert given binary numbers into decimal
a)11010.101 b)101010.1011
DECIMAL –TO-BINARY CONVERSION:
• Steps for Decimal to Binary Conversion
Step – 1 Divide the decimal number which is to be converted by two which is
the base of the binary number.
Step – 2 The remainder which is obtained from step 1 is the least significant bit
of the new binary number.
Step – 3 Divide the quotient which is obtained from the step 2 and the
remainder obtained from this is the second least significant bit of the binary
number.
Step – 4 Repeat the process until the quotient remains zero.
Step – 5 The last remainder obtained from the division is the most significant
bit of the binary number. Hence arrange the number from most significant bit to
the least significant bit (i.e., from bottom to top).
Example – Consider the conversion of the decimal number 25 into its
equivalent binary.
Conversion of Decimal to Binary for Fraction Number
• For fractional decimal numbers, multiply it by 2 and record the carry in the
integral position.
• The carries when read down produces the equivalent binary fraction as
explained by the example given below.
• Consider the fractional binary number 0.35

Thus the fractional binary number is .01011, i.e., 0.01011.

• The process of multiplication by 2 will continue till the desired
accuracy is achieved.
Conversion of Decimal to Binary for Mixed Number
 To convert a decimal mixed number into the binary number, the
same approach is used, as was done in integer and fractional parts
of the number. Consider the decimal number 13.40.
 The binary equivalent of 13 is 1101
 The binary equivalent of 0.40 is. 011001.
 Therefore 1101.011001 is the required binary number
PROBLEMS:
1) Convert decimal number 21 in to binary.
2) Convert decimal number 23 in to binary.
3) Convert decimal number 0.875 in to binary.
4) Convert decimal number 38.15 in to binary.
OCTAL-TO-DECIMAL CONVERSION:
 The octal number can be converted into the equivalent decimal
number in the same manner as the binary number to decimal
conversion .
 The only difference is that in this case the 2 s will be replaced by 8.
 Example
Convert (123)8 into decimal number.
Solved Examples
Example: Suppose 2158 is an octal number, then it’s decimal form will be,
2158 = 2 × 82 + 1 × 81 + 5 × 80

= 2 × 64+ 1 × 8 + 5 × 1 = 128 + 8 + 5

= 14110
Example: Let 125 is an octal number denoted by 1258. Find the decimal
number.
1258 = 1× 82 + 2 × 81 + 5 × 80

= 1 × 64 + 2 × 8 + 5 × 1
= 64+16+5
=8510
The fractional part
1)Convert octal number (0.01) 8 into decimal form.
Solution:
0x80 + 0x8-1 + 0x8-2
= 0 + 0 + 0.015625
= 0.015625
2)Convert octal number (7.12172)8into decimal form.
Solution:
= 7x80 + 1x8-1 + 2x8-2 + 1x8-3 + 7x8-4 + 2x8-5
= 7 + 0.125 + 0.03125 + 0.001953125 + 0.001708984375 +
0.00006103515624
= 10.1599...
= 10.16 (approx. value)
PROBLEMS:
Convert given octal numbers into decimal
a) (567)8
b) (22.74)8
c) (306.2)8
DECIMAL -TO-OCTAL CONVERSION:
 Follow the steps given below to learn the decimal to octal conversion:

1. Write the given decimal number.

2. If the given decimal number is less than 8 the octal number is the same.
3. If the decimal number is greater than 7 then divide the number by 8.
4. Note the remainder, we get after division
5. Repeat step 3 and 4 with the quotient till it is less than 8
6. Now, write the remainders in reverse order (bottom to top)
7. The resultant is the equivalent octal number to the given decimal number.
PROBLEMS:
Convert given Decimal numbers into Octal.
a) (974)10
b) (0.35)10
c) (974.35)10
BINARY -TO-OCTAL CONVERSION:
 A binary number can be converted in to octal number by
simply remember to group of 3 bits of the binary number.
 The groups should be start from the binary point towards
the LSB and MSB separately.
 Then convert each group of three to its octal equivalent(if
0’s are necessary then they are added at each end).
 In octal number systems we can use 8 digits (from 0 to 7), so we can
represent any digit of octal number system using only 3 bit as
following below.
Example-1 − Convert binary number 1010111100 into octal number. Since there
is no binary point here and no fractional part. So,

• Therefore, Binary to octal is

= (1010111100)2
= (001 010 111 100)2
= (1 2 7 4)8
= (1274)8
Example2 − Convert binary number 10010110 into octal number.
• First convert this into decimal number
= (10010110)2
= 1x27+0x26+0x25+1x24+0x23+1x22+1x21+0x20
= 128+0+0+16+0+4+2+0
= (150)10
• Then, convert it into octal number
= (150)10
= 2x82+2x81+6x80
= (226)8 which is answer.
Example-3 Convert binary number 0110 011.1011 into octal number.
• Since there is binary point here and fractional part. So,

• Therefore, Binary to octal is.

= (0110 011.1011)2
= (0 110 011 . 101 1)2
= (110 011 . 101 100)2
= (6 3 . 5 4)8
PROBLEMS:
• Convert given binary number into octal.
i) 10010.1011
ii) 110011
iii) 101.10100110
OCTAL- TO -BINARY CONVERSION
 There are various direct or indirect methods to convert a octal number into
binary number.
 In an indirect method, you need to convert an octal number into other
number system (e.g., decimal or hexadecimal), then you can convert into
binary number by converting each digit into binary number from
hexadecimal system and using conversion system from decimal to binary
number.
EXAMPLES:
1) Convert octal number 540 into binary number.
= (540)8
= (101 100 000)2
= (101100000)2
2) Convert octal number 352.563 into binary number.
= (352.563)8
= (011 101 010 . 101 110 011)2
= (011101010.101110011)2
Convert given octal number into binary
1)(634)8
2)(725.63)8
3)(65)8
4)(765.031)8
5)(23.54)8