Lic Chapter 5
Lic Chapter 5
Lic Chapter 5
APTA
ER
nSTRUMENTATION,
D/A AND A/0 AMpLIPIERS
ChapterOutline
ne
COnveRTERS
5.0 Introduction
Vi
R4
ww
V2
. wwwT
R
R
cHaPTER-5/ 5.3
through
through and the
R2 and the inverting terminals of
Op-Amp
1 is fed bya voltage
voltage
v2 v
a This
This
is
is obvious
obviou by virtual ground concept. Therefore analysis of the circuit
R2
through
yieldst h e
followingequations
AVo 12R
AV
Where Av,
=
v-v, and
AV V2 -V1
V2-V1 R2 R3
The gain may be easily adjusted without disturbing circuit symmetry by varying the
resistance of R2.
R
s Note that I is independent of RL, because of the virtual ground of the op-
c e the same current flows through R1 and R, it is important that the signal
be capable of
cnpedance providing this load curent. It should be kept in mind that the load
has neither side grounded i.e.. RL is tloaing
UNEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Fis 21 (b repres her confguration for the voltage to current
converter
cireit requires very ittie cuTent trom the sgnai source due to the verv larna
This
TESSANN s e n by the non-inverting terminal
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a)Fcatng Load Votage t Cument Comvener b)Floating Load when a Little Curent is
Required from the Signal Source
Binary Inputs
Re
Do s
D s
Resistive
D Network Amplifier nalog Output
D8s
aous speciftications. These specifications are important since they give the measure
of the
quality of the converters.
5.6 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
1. Resolution The resolutionof a D.A converter is defined as the reciprocal o
number of discrete steps in the D/A output. One way to measure
the quality of the
A converter is its resolution. the ratio uality of -
D
of the LSB increment to the maximum . a
The percentage of resolution is put.
given by
1
percent of resolution =n
2n
where n is the number of bits used to represent digital input.
For example for 4 bit D/A converter the percent of resolution
0.5
is given by = x100 x100 6.67%
7.5 15
TLSBIncrement
Error1LsE5
Error = + 1 LSB Error= - 1 LSB
expected output. There are two measures of accuracy These are the Absolute accure
and the Relative accuracy.
,entation AmplifiCrs AD t d D/A( omerter
C H A P T E R . 5 |I n s t r u m
:7
T h e a b s o l u t e
aCCuracy reters to how close ench
output level is to its ideal level let
digital data
of 010 and whose ideal
Considera
us conside.
value of analog output is 1.0 V
s
of 1.25 V fori
for first and 1.3 V for second. The first
an
output converter is considered
Let
accurate.
more
to
be
The
accuracy refers to how close each output level is to its ideal fraction of
relative
increnn t I n this case one is not considering the actual voltage but the value interms
the output increases or remains constant. The wave forms shown in Fig. 5.7 (i) and
il correspond to monotonic DiA converter, where as that in Fig. 5.7(ii) and (iv) do
astmonotonic if the maximum error is less than LSB at each out level.
2
4. Settling Time: t is defined as the time which takes a DA converter to settle within
LSB of its final value when a change occurs in the input code. The setting time
determines the speed at which the input digital data can be changed.
T
Output current with all switches closed is the sum of all input currents and equals
By opening and closing switches we can produce 16 different output currents from 0.
to
1.875 e
R
re
D3 D2 D Do
lo
8R
2
4R
ww
Ro
OVo
or in powers of 2
Vef
I=
R (D3 +2-1 D2 + 2-2 Di +2- Do) .. 5.3
This says that the output current is the sum of binary weighted input currents. For
instance, suppose V,ef = 5V and R = 5 KN then the total output current varies from
to 1.875 mA as shown in Table 5.1. In place of switches we can use transistor switches
as shown in Fig. 5.9.
ww
ww
w O
O
w-
ww
-
ww
5.10 LINEAR INIEGRATED CIRCUITS
S.9.1 DISADIANTAGES OF WEIGHTED RESISTORS METIHOD
1 For a weighted resistor circuit to be monotonic the tolerance of the resistors .
be
less than the percent resolution. For instance, it the resolution is
(6.67% t
1/00 R R
www - D
w
2R 2 2R 2R 2R
2R 2R 2R
2R
FIG 5.10: R 2R
Fig. 5.10 shows R-2R ladder Ladder Network -
network D/A
the switches
indicate whether the data converter( In the circuit, the position of
bit corresponds to
connected to ground, then the Oor 1lf it is directiy
data bit is 0 and if it is
op-amp then the data bit is connected to the input of tne
amp depends upon the data
1. Hence the voltage
applied to the input of the op-
the output voltage got. bitsThese voltages are summed by the summer
an
strumentation Amplif1ers A/D and D/A
CHAPTER-5| nstrue Cmyertes
5. 11
R
V
w wwww
2R 2R 2R
Dy
3(0.5
R D3 +0.25 D2 +0.125 D 0.0625 Do.
Vo 5.4
3R
Only two values of resistors R and 2R are required. Hence it is possible to get the
resistors on a single chip with very good tolerance, thereby reducing the errors
moreover, the values of the resistors are not going to depend upon the number of
analog signal havea minimum voltage of 0V and a maximum of 7.5 V and that this
can
has to be converted in to a digital signal consisting of, say 4 bits. Since the number of
DitS are 4, we can divide the analog signal in to sixteen equal levels starting from O to
the maximum value and specify each level as a state. When the analog voltage is at 0 V,
then the digital output should be 0000. If the analog voltage is more than 0 V and less
than 0.5 V, then the digital output should be 0001 and so on. This is represented in
Table 5.2 this process of converting the signal in analog form in to digital form is known
as Quantization'. If the number of levels considered is greater, then the step voltage
would be lesser and therefore, the digital value would be closer to the octual analog
voltage. This would reduce the quantization error.
5. 12 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
TABLE 5.2: TRUTH TABLE FOR A/D CONVERTER
Analog Voltage
From To
D, D D,
D
0.0 0
0
0.0 0.5
0.5 1.0 0
1.0 1.5 0
1.5 2.0 0 1 0 0
20 2.5 0 1
2.5 3.0 0 0
3.0 3.5 0 1
3.5 4.0 0
4.0 4.5 0 0
4.5 5.0 0
5.0 5.5
5.5 6.0 1 0
6.0 6.5 1 0 1
6.5 7.0 1
7.0 7.5 1
Comparator
Count
Vou 4 bit D A bi
converter counter
D3 D D Do
Start Start of conversion
End of conversion
a DOsitive output. COUNT remains high. and the staircase voltage keeps rising
forces
At some point along step makes Vout greater than Vn. This
the staircase. the next
is the digital
COUNT to go low, and the counter stops. Now the digital output D3 Do
to
Vout
4 bit DAA
SAR
converter
Buffer register
D3 D2 Di Do
distance transducers
o D/A Converter : Converter, converts the digital signal in to an equivaient analog form.
o Resolution : The resolution is defined as the ratio of LSB increment to the maximurnm
output. It is given by the expression where n is the number of bits used to represent
O Absolute Accuracy: It refers to how close each output level is to its ideal value.
O Relative Accuracy: It refers to how close each output level is to its ideal fraction of full
scale output.
o Settling Time The time which takes a D/A converter to settle within LSB of its
final value when a change occurs in the input code.
REVEW QUESTIONS
Short Answer Questions
to curent converter.
(March/April. 2016)
12. Explain the working of voltage
voltage converter.
current to
13. Explain the working of
2. Define terms
2012 Oct/Nov. 2011)
(a) Resolution. (MarchApril. 2016:April/May.
April/May. 2012, Oct/Nou 2009)
(b) Settling time (MarchApri. 2016 ;
(March/April. 2016;
Oct/Nou 2011 ; March/April. 2008)
(c) Accuracy
(Oct/Nov. 2011, 2006)
(d) Monotonicity
and how they over-
the disadvantages of weighted resistor D/A converter
hat are
network
conversion, ion using R-2R ladder
6 Explain D/A
(MarchiApril. 2016;Oct/Nou. 2014, 2011, 2010,
2008 ; Apr/May. 2011)
convertion.
of A/D
7. Explain the principle
of counter method of A/D converter and how they over
the disadvantages
8 What are
converter
come in SAR A/D