L3 Traverse Computations and Adjustments
L3 Traverse Computations and Adjustments
L3 Traverse Computations and Adjustments
Computations and
Adjustments
CIVL 205: SURVEYING I
CIVIL ENGINEERING
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Learning objectives and outcomes
Objectives
• To equip students with the necessary skills in traverse
computations and adjustments.
Outcomes
• Students should be able to compute horizontal angles and
bearings within a traverse.
1. Chain Traversing: In chain traversing, the entire work is done by a chain or tape
& no angular measuring instrument is needed. The angles computed by tie
measurements are known as chain angles.
In the first case, directions are expressed in terms of the angles between two
consecutive lines. In second case, these are expressed in terms of bearings.
The fixed direction on the surface of the earth with reference to which, bearings of
survey lines are expressed is called a meridian. The meridians of reference
directions employed in surveying may be one of the following:
a). True Meridian b). Magnetic Meridian
c). Grid Meridian* d). Arbitrary Meridian
o The line of intersection of the earth surface by a plane containing north pole, south
pole and the given place is called true meridian or geographical meridian.
o The horizontal angle between the true meridian and a line measured in a
clockwise direction is called true bearing of the line.
o The smaller angle which a survey line makes with true meridian is called
azimuth.
oThe horizontal angle which a line makes with the magnetic meridian is called
magnetic bearing.
o Bearings of survey lines referred to and reckoned from grid lines are called grid
bearings.
o The angle between the true meridian & the magnetic meridian at any place is
known as magnetic declination, whereas, the angle between the true meridian &
the grid meridian at any place is known as grid convergence.
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Designation of Bearings:
Bearings are designated as:
1. The Whole Circle Bearing System (W.C.B)
2. The Quadrantal Bearing System (Q.B)
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Conversions
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Test examples: Question
Conversion of bearing from one system to the other:
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NUST Institute of Civil Engineering/Engr. Ahmed Rasheed Mirza
Forward and Back Bearings
Every line may be defined by two bearings, one observed at either end of the line.
Both the bearings expressed in W.C.B System differ each other by 180°.
The bearing of a line in the direction of the progress of survey, is called Fore or
Forward Bearing (F.B) while the bearing in the opposite direction of the progress
of survey is known as Reverse or Back Bearing (B.B).
Positive sign is used when forward bearing is less than 180˚ and negative sign is
used when the fore bearing is greater than 180˚.
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Forward and Back Bearings…
1) If the bearings have been measured to the same side of the common meridian,
the included angle α = θ2 – θ1 i.e. the difference of the bearings. This is true for all
quadrants.[fig 4.25 a]
2) If the bearings have been measured to the opposite side of the common
meridian, the included angle α = θ1 + θ2 i.e. the sum of the bearings. [fig 4.25 b]
3) If the bearings have been measured to the same side of the different meridians,
the included angle α = 180˚ - (θ1 + θ2) i.e. the difference of 180 and the sum of the
bearings. [fig 4.25 c]
4) If the bearings have been measured to the opposite side of the different
meridians, the included angle α = 180˚ - (θ1 - θ2) i.e. the difference of 180 and the
difference of the bearings. [fig 4.25 d]
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SURVEYING – I (CE- 128)
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Calculation of included angles from bearings…
Knowing the bearing of the line and the included angles between the successive
lines, the bearing of the remaining lines, may be calculated as under:
From fig.4.26, it is evident that each of (θ1 + α), (θ2 + β) and (θ3 + γ) is more than
180˚;
(θ4 + δ) is less than 180˚ and (θ6 + φ ) is greater than 540˚.
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Calculation of included angles from bearings…
Hence, in order to calculate the bearing of the next line, the following statements may
be made:
“Add the included angle measured clockwise to the bearing of the previous
line. If the sum is:
more than 180˚,deduct 180˚
more than 540˚,deduct 540˚
less than 180˚,add 180˚,to get the bearing of the next line.”
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Traversing example
N (mag)
A
E
B D
Grass
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Traversing example…
Horizontal Control
•Horizontal control is required for initial survey work (detail surveys) and for setting out.
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Traversing example…
b) LINK TRAVERSE
A
F B
A C
B E
D
E
F G
C
D
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Traversing example…
A
X
F B
A C
E
B
D
E F G
C
D Y
a) is obviously closed
b) must start and finish at points whose co-ordinates are known,
and must also start and finish with angle observations to other known points.
• Working in the direction A to B to C etc is the FORWARD DIRECTION
E
Using a theodolite we can measure all the
C internal angles.
D
Σ (Internal Angles) = ( 2 N - 4 ) * 900
Observations, using a Zeiss O15B, 6” Theodolite, were taken in the field for an
anti - clockwise polygon traverse, A, B, C, D.
C N Traverse Station Observed Clockwise
Horizontal Angle
B 0 ‘ “
A 132 15 30 - 3”
A B 126 12 54 - 3”
C 69 41 18 - 3”
D D 31 50 30 - 3”
Σ (Internal Angles) = 360 00 12
Line Horizontal
Σ (Internal Angles) should be
Distance (2N-4)*90 = 360 00 00
Allowable = 3 * 6” * N= 36”
AB 638.57 OK - Therefore distribute error
BC 1576.20 The bearing of line AB is to be
CD 3824.10 assumed to be 00 and the
co-ordinates of station A are 23
DA 3133.72 (3000.00 mE ; 4000.00 mN)
LINE BACK BEARING WHOLE
HORIZONTAL
STATION ++
ADJUSTED LEFT
CIRCLE
BEARING
DISTANCE
HAND ANGLE
LINE FORWARD ==
BEARING Check 1
Use Distance
q and Bearing to go
POLAR to RECTANGULAR to get
D from
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Traversing example…
WHOLE CO-ORDINATE DIFFERENCES
HORIZONTAL
CIRCLE
DISTANCE CALCULATED
BEARING
q D DE DN
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Traversing example…
DEBC
C
DNBC =+931.227m
B
=+638.570m
DNAB
DNCD
=-3677.764m A
DNDA =+2107.313m
DECD
DEDA 26
Traversing example…
C
e = (eE2 + eN2 )
e is the LINEAR
MISCLOSURE B
eE
A
eN e
A’
D
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WHOLE CO-ORDINATE DIFFERENCES
HORIZONTAL
CIRCLE
DISTANCE CALCULATED
BEARING
q D DE DN
Check 2
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WHOLE CO-ORDINATE DIFFERENCES
HORIZONTAL
CIRCLE
DISTANCE CALCULATED
BEARING
q D DE DN
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