Year 10 Biology Revision Booklets
Year 10 Biology Revision Booklets
Year 10 Biology Revision Booklets
Unit Title
1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms
2 Organisation of the organism
3 Movement in and out of cells
4 Biological molecules
5 Enzymes
6 Plant nutrition
7 Human nutrition
8 Transport in plants
9 Transport in animals
10 Diseases and immunity
11 Gas exchange in humans
12 Respiration
To be classed as a “living organism” the subject must perform all 7 life processes.
Invertebrates
Feature myriapods crustaceans insects arachnids
Number of
pairs of legs
Body regions
Number of
pairs of
antennae
Type of eyes
Wings
Plant Classification
Flowering plants are called ANGIOSPERMS. They are multicellular organisms.
Their cells have cellulose cell walls made when glucose from photosynthesis
is converted to cellulose. Some contain chloroplasts, roots, stems and leaves.
They reproduce sexually and asexually and produce seeds and fruits. There
are two types; Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons are ___ plants that often have ___ leaves with ___
veins. They have ___ cotyledon inside the seed. Dicotyledons often
have ___ leaves with a ___ of veins. They have ___ cotyledons inside
each seed.
1) Define the term growth and sensitivity. (Grade D)
2) Describe why scientists use the binomial naming system for naming new species of organisms.
(Grade D)
3) Produce a dichotomous key to separate the following species: Lion, Tiger, Cheetah, Jaguar, Snow
leopard. (Grade A)
4) Identify three differences between monocotyledon plants and dicotyledonous plants. (Drade D)
6) Explain why are virus not accepted to be “living organsims” under the rules of the 7 life
processes? (Grade C)
Structure Description
Cell structure that is specialised to
Organelle
carry out a particular function or job
2) Explain how the vacuole and the cell wall help to maintain the plant cells structure (Grade B)
3) Analyse how the red blood cell is adapted to its function. (Grade B)
4) Explain how you would prepare a slide to view under a microscope. (Grade A)
Osmosis Demonstration
explanation
When the funnel is placed into the
beaker, it forms a concentration
gradient between the distilled
water in the beaker and the
solution in the funnel. The funnel
contain 3% salt, which lowers its
water potential, in comparison to
the distilled water. This causes the
water molecules to pass through
the semi permeable membrane
from an area of high water
potential to an area of low water
potential.
The water pressure inside plant cells is
called turgor pressure, and it is
maintained by a process called osmosis.
2) Describe where in animals and plants you can find examples of diffusion.(Grade C)
3) Explain how active transport is used to absorb minerals into root hair cells (Grade C)
4) Create a table comparing the similarities and differences between osmosis, active transport and
diffusion. (Grade A)
5) Illustrate an experiment that can be used to teach year 9 students about osmosis. Provide an
explanation of what happens during the experiment. (Grade A)
Biochemical tests can be used to identify different substances found
in our food.
To test for starch a few drops of iodine solution are added to the unknown substance. If starch is present the
iodine will turn from an orange colour to a deep blue black.
To test for protein a few drops of biuret regent are added to the unknown substance. If the substance contains
protein the biuret solution will turn from blue to purple.
To test for glucose (or other reducing sugars) a few drops of benedict's solution are added to the unknown
substance. The solution then needs to be heated for a few minutes in boiling hot water. If glucose is present, the
benedict's solution will turn from blue to brick red.
Testing for vitamin C using DCPIP. Vitamin C takes the colour out of a blue dye called DCPIP. The number of
drops of vitamin C solution needed to make this happen depends on the concentration of vitamin C in the
solution. Thus, the more drops needed to turn the DCPIP to clear, the lower the concentration of vitamin C in
the solution.
4) If you did all four biochemical tests on an unknown solution, and the solution contained glucose, protein and
lipids, what would the results table look like. Illustrate the results table below. (Grade B)
5) Create a method for carrying out an emulsion test. Include two heath and safety aspects. (Grade A)
Enzymes are biological catalysts. This means they are able to speed up
chemical reactions by breaking down substrates into smaller molecules.
Enzymes are substrate specific, this means that each type of enzymes only
works of a specific substrate. E.g Amylase and starch. The lock and key model
is a good method of demonstrating how enzymes function.
All enzymes are different, and each
has its preferred conditions where it
is able to work at its optimum.
Factors affecting the rate of enzyme
reaction include: Temperature, pH,
and concentration of enzymes.
Denature
Enzymes can denature if they are
placed in too high temperatures.
The high temperature causes the
enzyme to twist and alter shape.
This changes the shape of the active
site, preventing it from working on
the substrate.
2) Using a diagram, illustrate why enzymes are classed as substrate specific (Grade B)
3) List 3 Enzymes with their substrate and the products they form.(Grade C)
4) Describe how an increase temperature from 0 degrees to 100 degrees affects an enzyme of your choise.
(Grade A)
5) Create a method which can be used to find out the optimum pH of an enzyme of your choice. (ensure you
identify the different variables in your experiment) (Grade A)
Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction which
happens inside pant cells. It uses carbon
dioxide, water, and the sun’s energy to form
glucose (chemical energy) and oxygen.
There are two method of proving whether or not photosynthesis is taking place. Firstly, we can use
iodine solution to test whether or not the plant is producing starch (This is the stored version of
glucose). Alternatively, we can use hydrocarbonate indicator to see whether the plant is taking carbon
dioxide out of the environment and using it for photosynthesis.
Testing the rate of photosynthesis
We can measure the rate of
photosynthesis by analysing the
amount of oxygen produced. This
can either be done by counting the
number of bubbles given off by a
piece of pond weed, or by
collecting those bubbles in a
measuring cylinder and measuring
the amount of oxygen produced in
a given time period.
1) Define the term photosynthesis and give a word equation for the chemical reaction (Grade C)
3) Analyse how oxygen and carbon dioxide are supplied and removed for photosynthesis. (Grade B)
4) Design an experiment which can be used to find out how temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis.
(Ensure you identify each of the variabes) (Grade A)
Peristalsis
Food is moved through the digestive system by a process called peristalsis.
Two sets of muscles in the gut wall are involved:
circular muscles - which reduce the diameter of the gut when they contract
longitudinal muscles - which reduce the length of the gut when they contract
Bile is secreted into the small intestine where it has two effects:
it neutralises the acid - providing the alkaline conditions needed
in the small intestine
it emulsifies fats - providing a larger surface area over which the
lipase enzymes can work
2) Explain the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. (Grade C)
4) Analyse how the small intestine is adapted to its function. Incl. information regarding surface areas,
blood supply, villi, and intestinal wall thickness. (Grade A)
5) List 5 organs in the digestive system and explain the function of each organ. (Grade C)
Transpiration
Transpiration explains how water moves up the plant against gravity in tubes made of dead xylem cells
without the use of a pump.
Water on the surface of spongy and palisade cells (inside the leaf) evaporates and then diffuses out of the
leaf. This is called transpiration. More water is drawn out of the xylem cells inside the leaf to replace what's
lost. As the xylem cells make a continuous tube from the leaf, down the stem to the roots, this acts like a
drinking straw, producing a flow of water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.
Factors that speed up transpiration will also increase the rate of water uptake from the soil. When water is
scarce, or the roots are damaged, it increases a plant’s chance of survival if the transpiration rate can be
slowed down. Plants can do this themselves by wilting, or it can be done artificially, like removing some of
the leaves from cuttings before they have chance to grow new roots.
Factor Description Explanation
Light In bright light transpiration The stomata (openings in the leaf) open wider to allow
increases more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis
Transpiration and water loss from leaves happen because of the way
that leaves are adapted for efficient photosynthesis. The flat, thin
shape of a leaf, its spongy mesophyll layer and stomata are
adaptations that also allow water loss from the leaf. Features involving
the guard cells around the stomata provide a way to reduce excessive
water loss.
2) Explain the process of transpiration, linking in osmosis to your explanation. (Grade C-A)
3) Discuss how each of the following factors affects the rate of transpiration: Humidity, temperature,
wind. (Grade A)
5) Design an experiment which can be used to test the rate of transpiration and explain how it works.
(Grade A)
The passage of blood through the heart
Deoxygenated blood arrives at the left-hand side of the heart:
1.It enters the heart through the vena cava.
2.Blood flows into the right atrium.
3.Blood is pumped into the right ventricle.
4.Blood is pumped out of the heart, along the pulmonary
artery, to the lungs.
Capillaries are the smallest type of blood vessel, and are adapted
to allow the effective exchange of substances between the blood
and the tissues of the body. Capillaries intermingle with the
tissues and exchange nutrients, gases, and wastes
Capillaries
Capillaries are made of thin cells, meaning that some parts of the
blood can easily leave the capillary, bathing the cells in a fluid
known as tissue fluid.
Useful substances within the tissue fluid - including glucose,
oxygen and amino acids - can then diffuse into the cells down a
concentration gradient. The concentration gradient is always
maintained as the useful substances are constantly being used
up by the cell.
Waste substances generated by the cell diffuse out of the cell,
and back into the tissue fluid. Most of the tissue fluid is then
reabsorbed back into the blood, and with it the waste substances
– such as carbon dioxide and urea – which are taken away to be
excreted.
A concentration gradient is always maintained as the cell
constantly generates more waste substances, and the blood
constantly takes them away.
1) Describe the function of each component of the blood. (Grade D)
3) Explain what coronary heart disease is and analyse different methods of treating or preventing the
disease. (Grade B)
These all contain different proteins called antigens. When injected into the body,
they stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies against the pathogen. The
body also produces memory cells which remember what the pathogen was for a
more rapid immune response if infected again.
Memory cells
Memory cells are a type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that can respond quickly
when it meets a microorganism for the second time. They produce the right antibody
for the particular microorganism and destroy it before you feel unwell. This is
described as being immune to a disease.
Antibiotic resistance
Over time, bacteria can become resistant to certain antibiotics. MRSA is methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It is very dangerous because it is resistant to most
antibiotics. To slow down or stop the development of other strains of resistant
bacteria, we should:
avoid the unnecessary use of antibiotics
always complete the full course
1) Describe passive immunity and active immunity.
2) Illustrate a bacteria cell, virus cell, and a fungi cell; include labels. (Grade C)
3) Analyse the body’s response for when a pathogen enters the body. (Grade B)
4) Compare vaccinations against antibiotics and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each
method of fighting pathogens. (Grade A)
Blood pH
The pH of the blood is normally 7.35 to 7.45 – a narrow range. During exercise, the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the blood and respiring tissues increases. This could lower the pH (making the blood more
acidic).
To prevent this happening:
substances in blood plasma react with the excess carbon dioxide increases in the rate and depth of
breathing speed up the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream
Within the lungs is a network of tubes through which air is able to pass. Air is firstly
warmed, moistened and filtered as it travels through the mouth and nasal passages.
It then passes through the trachea and down one of the two bronchi and into one of
the lungs.
After travelling into the many bronchioles, it finally passes into some of the millions
of tiny sacs called alveoli, which have the specialised surfaces for gas exchange.
2) Analyse the changes in chest cavity volume, and how these occur, when inhaling and exhaling. (Grade
B)
3) Evaluate the effects smoking can have on the respiratory system, with references to two respiratory
breathing diseases. (Emphysema, bronchitis.) (Grade A)
4) Compare the content of inhaled air with exhaled air, and explain why the amounts of each content
have changed. (Grade A)
4) Illustrate an experiment which can be used to measure the rate of respiration. (Grade B)
5) Evaluate how heart rate, breathing rate, and respiration all alter when doing exercise compared to when resting.
(Grade A
Biology Experiments
EXPERIMENTS Indicators:
Potential hazards precaution iodine- tests for starch (starts orange,
turns blue/black if present)
Microorganisms Some bacteria • Wear
make us ill gloves
• Tie hair back Benedict's solution-
Chemicals Sulphuric acid can • Wear tests for glucose
burn skin, goggles low high
alcohols can • Wash hands Hydrogen carbonate- shows change in
catch fire easily • Use fire
proof matt CO2 concentration
Fire Unattended • No water
Bunsen burners near low Normal High
electricity CO2 concentration CO2
Electricity Faulty electrical Designing an experiment:
equipment could
give a shock C-what you change, what are you investigating
O-what organism are you using
R-repeat
Measuring osmosis (living) M-what you measure, ow you measure
1. Cut up potato into S-thing you keep the same to make a fair test
cylinders Control variable to improve validity
2. Put some in sugar solution Carry out repeats to improve reliability
and some in pure water Use smaller scales or more sensitive equipment to improve
3. Measure length of precision
cylinders before and after Improve method to improve accuracy (How close results are
• Distilled water potato to true answer)
swells up Measuring osmosis (non-living)
• Concentrated sugar potato 1. Tie wire around one end of viscous
solution shrinks tubing, put a glass tube in other end and
Measuring diffusion tie
2. Put sugar solution down glass tube
1. Use scalpel to cut out agar 3. Measure where liquid is up to
cubes (containing 4. Put pure water into beaker and leave
phenolphthalein indicator overnight
and sodium hydroxide) 5. Water will be drawn in and liquid will
2. Acid will diffuse into cubes move up tube
and turn them colourless 6. Re-measure where liquid is
3. Repeat with different sized Gas exchange in plants
cubes 1. Set up tubes with no leaf, 2. Use hydrogen
leaf and foil (no sunlight), carbonate indicator
leaf in gauze (a little light) to measure change
Measuring light intensity and photosynthesis and a leaf in sunlight (lots of in co2 concentration
light)
Photosynthesis experiments
Chlorophyll, CO2 and light are all needed for photosynthesis The carbon dioxide test
Soda lime absorbsCO2
The light test The chlorophyll test out of the air in the jar
1. Leave plant in
1. Put a plant in a cupboard Use variegated leaves (only the sealed bell jar with
to grow without light green parts contain chlorophyll) soda lime and
2. Take leaf from plant and 1. Expose the leaf to sunlight sunlight
test for starch 2. Test for starch using iodine 2. Test plant for starch
3. Will no change colour as solution 3. Will not change
no starch can be made as 3. Only the green bit that colour as CO2 is
light is needed for contained chlorophyll will turn needed for
photosynthesis blue/back photosynthesis