42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange
42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange
42 - Circulation and Gas Exchange
Circulation and
Gas Exchange
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Trading Places
Circular
canal
Mouth
Pharynx
Mouth
Radial canal 5 cm 2 mm
(a) The moon jelly Aurelia, a (b) The planarian Dugesia, a
cnidarian flatworm
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
Heart Heart
Blood
Hemolymph in
sinuses Interstitial Small branch vessels
surrounding organs fluid In each organ
Pores
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
Artery Gill
circulation
Ventricle
Heart
Atrium
Systemic
Vein circulation
Systemic capillaries
Double Circulation
Mammals and
Amphibians Reptiles Birds
Pulmocutaneou Right
Pulmonary Pulmonary
s systemic circuit circuit
circuit aorta
Atrium Atrium A A A A
(A) (A)
Ventricle (V) V V Left V V
Right Left Right Left systemic Right Left
Systemic aorta Systemic
circuit circuit
Amphibians:
• Frogs / amphibians have a three-chambered
heart: 2 atria and 1 ventricle.
• The ventricle pumps blood into a forked artery
that splits the ventricle’s output into the
pulmocutaneous circuit and the systemic
circuit.
• Underwater, blood flow to the lungs is nearly
shut off.
Mammals
• Mammals and birds have a four-chambered
heart with two atria and two ventricles.
• The left side of the heart pumps and receives
only oxygen-rich blood, while the right side
receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood.
• Mammals and birds are endotherms and
require more O2 than ectotherms.
0.1 sec
Semilunar
AV valves
valves 0.4 sec 0.3 sec open
open
1 Atrial and
ventricular
diastole
AV valves
closed
3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole
• The heart rate, also called the pulse, is the
number of beats per minute.
• The stroke volume is the amount of blood
pumped in a single contraction.
• The cardiac output is the volume of blood
pumped into the systemic circulation per
minute and depends on both the heart rate
and stroke volume.
AV
SA node node
(pacemaker) Bundle Purkinje
branches Heart Fiber
apex s:
ventricles
ECG contr
act
Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the
structure and arrangement of blood vessels
of
blood
vessels SEM
100 µm Valve
Basal lamina
Endotheliu Endotheliu
m m
Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle
Connective Connective
tissue Capillar tissue
y
Arte Vein
r
y
Arteriole Venule
15 µm
Red blood cell
Capillary
LM
• Capillaries have thin walls, the endothelium
plus its basement membrane, to facilitate the
exchange of materials.
• Arteries and veins have an endothelium,
smooth muscle, and connective tissue.
• Arteries have thicker walls than veins to
accommodate the high pressure of blood
pumped from the heart.
• In the thinner-walled veins, blood flows back to
the heart mainly as a result of muscle action.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Blood Flow Velocity
Area (cm2)
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
50
40
(cm/sec)
Velocity
30
20
10
0
120
Systolic
100 pressure
(mm Hg)
Pressur
e
80
60
40 Diastolic
20 pressure
0
Arterioles
Aorta
Arteries
Venules
Veins
Venae cavae
Capillarie
s
Blood Pressure
RESULTS
Ser
Le
Ser Endothelin
u
Met Cy Ser Cy —NH +
s 3
s
As
p
Lys
Glu Cy Val Tyr Ph Cy His Le As Ile Ile Trp —COO–
s e s u p
Cy Trp
s
Parent
polypeptide
1 53 73
Endothelin 203
Measurement of blood pressure:
sphygmomanometer
Rubber
cuff
inflated
120 120
with air
70
Skeletal muscle
Valve
(closed)
Capillari
Arteri es Venule
ol
e
(a) Sphincters
relaxed
Arteri Venu
ol l
e
(b) Sphincters
e
contracted
• The critical exchange of substances between
the blood and interstitial fluid takes place
across the thin endothelial walls of the
capillaries.
• The difference between blood pressure and
osmotic pressure drives fluids out of
capillaries at the arteriole end and into
capillaries at the venule end.
Blood
pressure
=
Pressure
Inward flow
hydrosta
tic
Outward flowpressure
Osmotic
pressure
Arterial end of capillary Venous end
Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System
Neutrophil Monocyte
Substances transported
by blood
Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism Platele 250,000– Blood
400,000
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) t clotti
Hormones s ng
Plasma
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
5 µm
Stem Cells and the Replacement of Cellular
Elements
• The cellular elements of blood wear out and
are replaced constantly throughout a person’s
life.
• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all
develop from a common source of stem cells
in the red marrow of bones.
• The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates
erythrocyte production when oxygen delivery is
low.
Lymphocy
B cells tes T cells
Neutrophils
Erythro
cytes Platelets
Eosinophils
Monocytes Basophils
Cardiovascular Disease = Disorders of the Heart
and the Blood Vessels
• One type of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis,
is caused by the buildup of plaque deposits within
arteries.
• A heart attack is the death of cardiac muscle tissue
resulting from blockage of one or more coronary
arteries.
• A stroke is the death of nervous tissue in the brain,
usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries
in the brain /head.
Connective Smooth
tissue muscle Endothelium Plaque
Coelom
Gills
Gills
Tube foot
Parapodium (functions as gill)
(a) Marine worm (b) Crayfish (c) Sea star
• Ventilation moves the respiratory medium over
the respiratory surface.
• Aquatic animals move through water or move
water over their gills for ventilation.
• Fish gills use a countercurrent exchange
system, where blood flows in the opposite
direction to water passing over the gills; blood
is always less saturated with O2 than the water
it meets… maximizes diffusion.
Blood
Water vessels
flow Operc
ul Water flow
between
u lamellae Blood flow through
m capillaries in lamella
Countercurrent
exchange
P (mm Hg) in water
O2
150 120 90 60 30
Gill filaments
Net 140 110 80 50 20
diffus
ion PO2 (mm Hg) in blood
of O2from
water to
blood
Tracheal Systems in Insects
Air sacs
Trache
ae
=
air
tu
be
s
Externa
l
op Tracheoles Mitochondria Muscle fiber
eni
Body ng
cell :
Airspiracl
Tracheole sa es
c
Trach
e
Air externala Body wall 2.5 µm
openings
spiracles
Lungs = Infoldings of the body surface
Terminal
bronchiole
Nasal
Pharynx cavity
Larynx
Alveo
(Esophagus) Left
lung
li
Trachea
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Heart SEM Colorized
50 µm 50 µm
SEM
Breathing Ventilates the Lungs by Inhalation and
Exhalation of Air
• Amphibians, such as a frog, ventilates its lungs
by positive pressure breathing, which forces
air down the trachea.
• Mammals ventilate by negative pressure
breathing, which pulls air into the lungs by
varying volume / air pressure. Lung volume
increases as the rib muscles and diaphragm
contract.
• The tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled
with each breath. The maximum tidal volume is
the vital capacity. After exhalation, residual
volume of air remains in the lungs.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Negative pressure breathing: H --> L
Rib cage
Rib cage gets
expands as Air Air
smaller as
rib muscles inhaled exhale
rib muscles
contract d
relax
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATION EXHALATION
Diaphragm contracts Diaphragm relaxes
(moves down) (moves up)
Volume Volume
increases decreases
Pressure Pressure
How a Bird Breathes
Air Air
Anterior
air sacs
Trachea
Posterior
air sacs Lungs Lungs
Air tubes
(parabronchi)
1 mm
in lung
INHALATION EXHALATION
Air sacs fill Air sacs empty;
Lungs Fill
Control of Breathing in Humans
Pons
Breathing
control Medull
centers a
oblongata
Caroti
d
art
Aor
eri
t
es
a
Diaphragm
Rib muscles
Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments
that bind and transport gases
• The metabolic demands of many organisms require
that the blood transport large quantities of O2 and CO2
• Blood arriving in the lungs has a low partial pressure
of O2 and a high partial pressure of CO2 relative to air
in the alveoli.
• In the alveoli, O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2
diffuses into the air.
• In tissue capillaries, partial pressure gradients favor
diffusion of O2 into the interstitial fluids and CO2 into
the blood.
Circulatory Circulatory
system system
PO2 ≤ 40 mm Hg PCO2 ≥ 46 mm Hg
Body Body
tissu tissu
(a) e (b) Carbon e
Oxy dioxide
Respiratory Pigments
Iron
Heme
α Chains
Hemoglob
100
O2 unloaded
Dissociation
curves for 60
O2 unloaded
to tissues
hemoglobin 40
during exercise
at 37ºC
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
pH 7.4
80 pH 7.2
60 Hemoglobin
retains less
40 O2 at lower pH
(higher CO2
20 concentration)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Carbon dioxide su
produ
e
Inter ced
transport in the
CO 2
s
t
blood Plasma
within capillary i
C
O
Capillary
wall
t
i CO 22
2 HO a
Red
l H
H2CO3
blood Hb
cell Carbonic acid e
f m
l o
HCO
u +
3
–
Bicarbonate
H+
g
i l
d o
HC To lungs
O b
i
HCO3– 3
–
CO2 n
ptra
HCO3– + H+
n i
s c
Hb
He p k
om
H2CO3
s
H 2O rto
CO2 to g u
l
luo p
Cnb
C
O gi O
CO2 2 sn 2
rel
CO2
e a
a n
Alveolar space s d
in lung e
Elite Animal Athletes
CO O
2
2
Heart
Systemic
CO capillaries
2 O2
CO2 O2
Body tissue
- GAS
EXCHA
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