42 Circulation Text
42 Circulation Text
42 Circulation Text
Figure 42.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 42.1: Circulatory systems reflect
phylogeny
• Transport systems
– Functionally connect the organs of exchange
with the body cells
Circular
canal
Radial canal
Mouth
5 cm
Figure 42.2
Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding ograns
Tubular heart
Figure 42.3a (a) An open circulatory system
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
Artery Pulmocutaneous
Right Pulmonary
Gill Pulmonary
circuit systemic circuit circuit
circulation
aorta
Heart:
ventricle (V) Left
A A A A A
A Systemic
Atrium (A) V V aorta
V V V
Right Left Right Left Right Left
Systemic Systemic Systemic
Vein circulation circuit circuit
Capillaries of
Anterior
head and
vena cava
forelimbs
Pulmonary
Aorta Pulmonary
9 artery
artery
6
Capillaries
of right lung Capillaries
2 of left lung
3 4
3
11
Pulmonary
vein Pulmonary
5 Left atrium vein
1
Right atrium 10
Left ventricle
Right ventricle Aorta
Posterior
vena cava Capillaries of
abdominal organs
8 and hind limbs
Figure 42.5
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
• A closer look at the mammalian heart
– Provides a better understanding of how double
circulation works
Pulmonary artery Aorta
Pulmonary
Anterior vena cava artery
Pulmonary Pulmonary
veins veins
Semilunar Semilunar
valve valve
Atrioventricular
Atrioventricular valve
valve
Posterior
vena cava Right ventricle
Figure 42.6 Left ventricle
0.1 sec
Semilunar
valves
0.3 sec open
0.4 sec
AV valves
open
AV valves
1 Atrial and closed
ventricular
diastole 3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole
Figure 42.7
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The heart rate, also called the pulse
– Is the number of beats per minute
• The cardiac output
– Is the volume of blood pumped into the
systemic circulation per minute
AV node Bundle
SA node branches
(pacemaker)
Heart Purkinje
apex fibers
ECG
Figure 42.8
Basement
membrane
Endothelium 100 µm
Valve
Endothelium Endothelium
Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle
Capillary
Connective
Connective
tissue
tissue
Artery Vein
Venule
Figure 42.9 Arteriole
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
Figure 42.10
Area (cm2)
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Velocity (cm/sec) 50
40
30
20
10
0
Pressure (mm Hg)
120
100 Systolic
80 pressure
60
40 Diastolic
20 pressure
0
Capillaries
Aorta
Arteries
Veins
Venules
Venae cavae
Arterioles
Figure 42.11
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure
– Is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts
against the wall of a vessel
Blood pressure
reading: 120/70
Sounds
Sounds stop
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
Artery
closed
2 A sphygmomanometer, an inflatable cuff attached to a 3 A stethoscope is used to listen for sounds of blood flow
pressure gauge, measures blood pressure in an artery. below the cuff. If the artery is closed, there is no pulse
The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated below the cuff. The cuff is gradually deflated until blood
until the pressure closes the artery, so that no blood begins to flow into the forearm, and sounds from blood
flows past the cuff. When this occurs, the pressure pulsing into the artery below the cuff can be heard with
exerted by the cuff exceeds the pressure in the artery. the stethoscope. This occurs when the blood pressure
is greater than the pressure exerted by the cuff. The
pressure at this point is the systolic pressure.
Figure 42.12
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Blood pressure is determined partly by cardiac
output
– And partly by peripheral resistance due to
variable constriction of the arterioles
Capillary Red
15 m
blood
cell
At the venule end of a capillary,
blood pressure is less than
At the arterial end of a Direction of osmotic pressure, and fluid flows
capillary, blood pressure is blood flow from the interstitial fluid into the
greater than osmotic pressure, capillary.
and fluid flows out of the
Blood pressure
capillary into the interstitial fluid.
Osmotic pressure
Pressure
Inward flow
Outward flow
Immunoglobulins Defense
(antibodies)
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Separated
blood
elements Leukocytes 5,000–10,000 Defense and
(white blood cells) immunity
Basophil Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Platelets 250,000 Blood clotting
400,000
Figure 42.15
Lymphoid
stem cells Myeloid
stem cells
Basophils
B cells T cells
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Erythrocytes
Platelets Monocytes
Figure 42.16
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Clotting
• When the endothelium of a blood vessel is
damaged
– The clotting mechanism begins
Collagen fibers
Platelet Fibrin clot
Red blood cell
Platelet releases chemicals plug
that make nearby platelets sticky
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrin
Figure 42.17 Fibrinogen
5 µm
Organismal
level
Circulatory system
Cellular level
Energy-rich
molecules Cellular respiration ATP
from food
Figure 42.19
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Animals require large, moist respiratory
surfaces for the adequate diffusion of
respiratory gases
– Between their cells and the respiratory
medium, either air or water
Gills
Coelom
Figure 42.20a
Tube foot
Parapodia
Figure 42.20b
Gill
Gills
Gills
Figure 42.20c, d
5%
70
%
30
Water
0%
%
60
10
flow Operculum
%
90
O2 Blood flow
Water flow through capillaries
over lamellae in lamellae
showing % O2 showing % O2
Figure 42.21
Gill
filaments Countercurrent exchange
Air sacs
Tracheae
Spiracle
Trachea
50 µm
Trachea
Right lung
50 µm
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Heart SEM Colorized SEM
Figure 42.23
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In mammals, air inhaled through the nostrils
– Passes through the pharynx into the trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, and dead-end alveoli,
where gas exchange occurs
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATION EXHALATION
Diaphragm contracts Diaphragm relaxes
(moves down) (moves up)
Figure 42.24
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lung volume increases
– As the rib muscles and diaphragm contract
Trachea
Lungs
Posterior Lungs
air sacs
Air tubes
(parabronchi)
1 mm
in lung
INHALATION EXHALATION
Air sacs fill Air sacs empty; lungs fill
Figure 42.25
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Air passes through the lungs
– In one direction only
• Every exhalation
– Completely renews the air in the lungs
Carotid
arteries
Aorta
3 In a person at rest, these
nerve impulses result in
about 10 to 14 inhalations
6 The sensors in the aorta and
per minute. Between carotid arteries also detect changes
inhalations, the muscles in O2 levels in the blood and signal
Figure 42.26 relax and the person exhales.
Diaphragm
the medulla to increase the breathing
Rib muscles rate when levels become very low.
120 27
160 0.2 Alveolar spaces
O2 CO2 O2 CO2
Alveolar 104 40
O2 CO2
epithelial
cells
CO2 O2 2
Blood Blood
1 leaving
entering
alveolar O2 alveolar
2
CO
capillaries capillaries
Alveolar
40 45 104 40
O2 CO2 capillaries O2 CO2
of lung
Pulmonary Pulmonary
arteries veins
Systemic
Systemic arteries
veins Heart
Tissue
O2
CO2 capillaries
3
Blood 4 Blood
leaving entering
tissue tissue
capillaries capillaries
40 45 CO2 O2 100 40
O2 CO2 O2 CO2
Tissue
cells
Figure 42.27 <40 >45
O2 CO2
O2 loaded
O2
in lungs
O2 unloaded
In tissues O2
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
PO (mm Hg)
2
Figure 42.29a, b 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
PO2 (mm Hg)
Figure 42.31