Probability and Statistic

The Normal
Distribution
LESSON 1. THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
AND ITS PROPERTIES
Describe a normal random
Describe
variables and its characteristics
OBJECTIVES: Draw Draw a normal curve; and
State State the empirical rule.

Normal Probability Distribution
Normal Probability Distribution is a probability distribution of continuous

random variables.
• Many random variables are either normally distributed or,

at least approximately normally distributed.
Examples: Height, weight and examination scores.
• it is easy for mathematical statisticians to work with

the normal curve. A number of hypothesis test and the
regression model are based on the assumption that
the underlying data have normal distribution.
Properties of a Normal Curve
(The curve is asymptotic to the base line)

• The distribution curve is a bell-shaped
• The curve is symmetrical about its center • The area under the curve is 1. thus, it
• The mean, median and mode coincide at Represents the probability or proportion
the center Percentage associated with specific sets
• the tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely of Measurements values.
along the horizontal axis but never touch it
• The change of value of the mean shifts the
graph of the normal curve to the right or to
the left.
• The standard deviation determines the shape
of the graphs (particularly the height and
width of the curve). When the standard
deviation is large, the normal curve is short
and wide, while a small value for the standard
deviation yields skinnier and taller graph.
https://www.desmos.com/calculator
The Standard normal curve is a normal probability
distribution that has a µ= 0 and Standard deviation
σ=1
Where;
Y=height of the curve particular values of X
X= any score in the distribution
σ= standard deviation of the population
µ= mean of the population
Π= 3.1416
e= 2.7183
EMPIRICAL RULE
The Empirical Rule is also referred
to as the 68-95-99.7% Rule. What it
tells us is that for a normally
distributed variable, the following
are true:
Approximately 68% of the data lie
within 1 Standard deviation of the
mean. Pr(µ- σ < X < + σ)
Approximately 95% of the data lie

within 2 Standard deviations of -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
the mean. Pr(µ- 2σ < X < + 2σ)

Approximately 99.7% of the data
lie within 3 Standard deviations of
the mean. Pr(µ- 3σ < X < + 3σ)
Validating the Empirical Rule
Example 1. What is the frequency and relative frequency of babies weights that are
within:
2.24 4.21 5.16 5.63 6.18 6.4 6.8 7.34 8.47
2.93 4.38 5.26 5.84 6.19 6.56 6.83 7.35 8.6
3.45 4.69 5.32 5.87 6.24 6.61 7.19 7.35 9.01 µ=6.11
3.99 4.94 5.37 6.11 6.38 6.76 7.29 7.68 9.47 σ= 1.63
µ=6.11
σ= 1.63
1.22 2.85 4.48 6.11 7.74 9.37 11

a)One standard deviation from the mean
26 out 36 or 72%
b)Two standard deviations from the mean
34 out of 36, or 95%
c)Three standard deviations from the mean
36 out of 36, or 100%

Example 2. The scores of the Senior High School students in their
statistics and probability quarterly examination are normally
distributed with a mean of 35 and a standard deviation of 5.
(Statistics and Probability, PIVOT)
Answer the following questions:
a. What percent of the scores are

between 30 to 40?
The scores that fall between 30 and

40 is approximately 68% of the
distribution.
b. What scores fall within 95%

of the distribution? 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
The scores corresponding to 95% of

the distribution are scores from 25 up
to 45.
Example 3. Use Empirical Rule to complete the following table.
Write on the respective column the range or interval of the scores
based on the given parameters.
Mean Standard 68% 95% 99.7%

deviation µ- σ < X < µ+ σ µ- 2σ < X < µ+ 2σ µ- 3σ < X < µ+3σ
a) µ=20 σ=2 20 - 2 =18 20 – 2(2) =16 20 – 2(3) =14

20 + 2 =22 20 + 2(2) =24 20 + 2(3) =26
18 to 22 16 to 24 14 to 26
b) µ=87 σ=5.5 87 – 5.5 =81.5 87 – 5.59(2)=76 87 – 5.5(3) =70.5

87 + 5.5 =92.5 87 + 5.5(2) =98 87 + 5.5 (3) =103.5
81.5 to 92.5 76 to 98 70.5 to 103.5
Example 4. Illustrate the following distribution through a diagram.
a) µ=20 σ=2
14 16 18 20 22 24
26 14 16 18 20 22 24
26
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
14 16 18 20 22 24 26
b) µ=87 σ=5.5
70.5 76 81.5 87 92.5 98 103.5

70.5 76 81.5 87 92.5 98 103.5
99.7%
14
70.5 16
76 18
81.5 20
87 22
92.5 24
98 26
103.5
70.5 76 81.5 87 92.5 98 103.5
The Normal
Distribution
LESSON 2. THE STANDARD NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
The Standard Normal Distribution
• The standard Normal distribution is a type of probability distribution that
is often in
Statistical analysis.
• This distribution is a bell-shaped curve with a mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.
• The total area under the curve is 1 or 100%
Z=
Mean= 0
2.5% 2.5% Standard deviation= 1
13.5% 34% 34% 13.5%
Area=1
The Z-table
 The outermost column and row represent the z-values.
 The first two digits of the z-value are found in the left most column and the
last digit (hundredth place) is found on the first row.
Example: Suppose the z-score is equal to 1.85, locate the first two
digits 1.8 in the left most column and the last digits, .05, can be
located at the first row. then find their intersection which gives
corresponding area. Therefore, given z= 1.85, the area is equal to
0.9678.
Other examples are as follows:
1. Find the area that corresponds to z=2.67

Z-score = 0.9962
2. Find the area that corresponds to z=1.29

Z-score = 0.9015 Note: the z-table
3. Find the area that corresponds to z=3 used is the
Cumulative
Z-score = 0.9987 Distribution
4. Find the area that corresponds to z= -0.64 Function (CDF)
Z-score = 0.2611
of the Standard
Normal Curve.
5. Find the area that corresponds to z= -2.33
Z-score = 0.0099
Standard Normal Distribution
Example: a study shows that the lengths of the careers of professional football
players are nearby normally distributed, with a mean of 6.1 years and a
standard deviation of 1.8 years.
a. What percent of professional football players have a career

of more than 9 years?
Z=
9− 6.1
𝑧=
1.8
𝑧=𝟏 .𝟔 Z-score=0.9452
Directions: Read the instructions given
A. Complete the table by converting the given values into z-scores. Then find the
corresponding area using the z-table.
Given Z-score Approximate area
1. x= 28 µ = 16 σ =5 2.4 0.9918
2. x= 68 µ = 75 σ =5 -1.4 0.0808
3. x= 1.72 µ = 1.6 σ =0.2 0.6 0.7257
4. x= 24 µ = 38 σ =8 -1.75 0.0401
5. x= 50 µ = 45 σ =6 0.83 0.7967
B. Compute the following probabilities using the standard normal curve.
Construct a curve then shade the region corresponding to the area.
1. P(Z > -1.53)
2. P (Z < 2.89)
3. P(-1.65 < Z > 2.15)

Thank You!!!

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The Normal

OBJECTIVES: Draw Draw a normal curve; and

State State the empirical rule.

Normal Probability Distribution is a probability distribution of continuous

• Many random variables are either normally distributed or,

• it is easy for mathematical statisticians to work with

(The curve is asymptotic to the base line)

Approximately 95% of the data lie

the mean. Pr(µ- 2σ < X < + 2σ)

2.24 4.21 5.16 5.63 6.18 6.4 6.8 7.34 8.47

2.93 4.38 5.26 5.84 6.19 6.56 6.83 7.35 8.6

1.22 2.85 4.48 6.11 7.74 9.37 11

b)Two standard deviations from the mean

34 out of 36, or 95%

c)Three standard deviations from the mean

36 out of 36, or 100%

Answer the following questions:

a. What percent of the scores are

The scores that fall between 30 and

b. What scores fall within 95%

The scores corresponding to 95% of

Mean Standard 68% 95% 99.7%

a) µ=20 σ=2 20 - 2 =18 20 – 2(2) =16 20 – 2(3) =14

b) µ=87 σ=5.5 87 – 5.5 =81.5 87 – 5.59(2)=76 87 – 5.5(3) =70.5

70.5 76 81.5 87 92.5 98 103.5

1. Find the area that corresponds to z=2.67

2. Find the area that corresponds to z=1.29

a. What percent of professional football players have a career

3. x= 1.72 µ = 1.6 σ =0.2 0.6 0.7257

1. P(Z > -1.53)

3. P(-1.65 < Z > 2.15)

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