Quantitative Research by Me

Quantitative Research
by: Dounya baini

Quatitative rsearch
I. The definition of quantitative research
II. The purposes of quantitative research
III. The characteristics of quantitative research
IV. The main steps in quantitative research
V. The main preoccupations of quantitative research
VI. Sampling in quantitative research
VII.Research desings
VIII.Research methods used in quantitative rsearch
IX. The questions , hypotheses , and tense in quantitative
research
The definition of quantitative research
• Quantitative research is the process of collecting and
analyzing numerical data.
• It can be used to find patterns and averages, make
predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize
results to wider populations.
• Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative
research, which involves collecting and analyzing non-
numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio). Quantitative
research is widely used in the natural and social sciences:
biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology,
marketing, etc
The purposes of quantitative research
There are some purposes behind quantitative research
 It uses to measure differences between groups.
 The purpose of quantitative research is to attain
greater knowledge and understanding of the social
world.
 Researchers use quantitative methods to observe
situations or events that affect people.
 Quantitative research produces objective data that can
be clearly communicated through statistics and
numbers.
The characteristics of quantitative research
There are some characteristics of quantitative research which is consider important to use in the research
a. Sample size: sample size is the number of completed responses your survey receives. It’s called a sample because it only
represents part of the group of people (or target population) whose opinions or behavior you care about. For example, one way
of sampling is to use a “random sample,” where respondents are chosen entirely by chance from the population at large.
b. Structured tools: Structured tools such as surveys, polls, or questionnaires are used to gather quantitative data. Using such
structured methods helps in collecting in-depth and actionable data from the survey respondents
c. closed-ended question : refers to any question for which a researcher provides research participants with options from which to
choose a response. Closed-ended questions are sometimes phrased as a statement which requires a response.
d. Duplication data : is any record that inadvertently shares data with another record in an unintentionally. Duplicate data is easy
to spot and it mostly occurs when transferring data between systems..
e. Generalization of data : is a generalization which is an act of reasoning that involves drawing broad inferences from particular
observations , Generalization is important because it allows researchers to make inferences for a large group of people.
Generalization can be defined as the application of research findings based on a sample to the whole population, it also
means that the findings of one study is transferable to another similar situation. For example, a researcher may generalize the
results of a survey of 350 people in a university to the university population as a whole; readers of the results may apply, or
transfer, the results to their own situation. They will ask themselves, basically, if they fall into the majority or not
The main steps in quantitative research
• The quantitative research follows a deductive approach starting from the theory until reaching revising it to either accept, refute or modify that
theory.
Theory: The fact that quantitative research starts off with theory signifies the broadly deductive approach to the relationship between theory
and research taken .
Hypothesis : It is common outlines of the main steps of quantitative research to suggest that a hypothesis is deduced from the theory and is
tested . However, a great deal of quantitative research does not entail the specification of a hypothesis, and instead theory acts loosely as a set of
concerns in relation to which social researcher collects data.
Research design : is a strategy for answering your research questions. It determines how you will collect and analyze your data It has
implications for a variety of issues, such as the external validity of findings and researchers’ ability to impute causality to their findings.
Devising measurement of concepts :It is a process where the researcher devises measure of the concepts which she or he wishes to
investigate. This typically involves breaking down abstract sociological concepts into more specific measures which can be easily understood by
respondents. For example, ‘strength of religious believe’ can be measured by using a range of questions ‘ideas about God’ and ‘attendance at
religious services
select research sites , subjects and respondes : people are the subject and survey is responds . this will involve the selection of a field-site or
sites, such as a school or factory, while with survey research, site-selection may be more varied. Practical and ethical factors will be a limiting factor
in choice of research sites.
Admenistering research instrument and the collection of data : refers to a tools used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your
research interests. These tools are most commonly used in health sciences, social sciences, and education to assess patients, clients, students,
teachers, staff, etc.,,
Processing the data : Data processing in research is the collection and translation of
a data set into valuable, usable information. Through this process, a researcher, data
engineer or data scientist takes raw data and converts it into a more readable
format, such as a graph, report or chart, either manually or through an automated
tool.
The analysis of data : the researcher should use numbers of techniques of
quantitative data analysis to reduce the amount of data colleced
Findings : involve the main observations made based on empirical facts/data as

emanating from the responses to the research questions or the hypotheses of
the study. They represent the situation as found on the ground
conclusion : conclusion synthesizes and interprets the finding and makes a reasoned
judgment that corresponds to the finding.
The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers
There are four distinctive preoccupations that can be discerned in

quantitative researche
a) Measurement: issues of validity and reliability.
b) Causality: Quantitative research is keen to say why things are the

way they are, looking for the causes of a problem/phenomenon
(dependent/ independent variables).
c) Generalization (external validity): findings can be generalized beyond

the borders of the particular context, and the results can apply to
individuals other than the results can apply to individuals other than
those who were involved in the study.
d) Replication: it detects fraud or findings that lack internal validity. If a

study can not be replicated, then it is said to be an outlier or a fluke
or to contain methodological flaws. Without replication, a study's
findings can never be certain.
Sampling in quantitative research
• There are four major methods of sampling.
1. simple random sample : In statistics, a simple random sample is a subset of individuals chosen from a
larger set in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same probability. It is a
process of selecting a sample in a random way. An example of a simple random sample would be the
names of 25 employees being chosen out of a hat from a company of 250 employees. In this case, the
population is all 250 employees, and the sample is random because each employee has an equal
chance of being chosen
2. Systematic sampling : is a probability sampling method where researchers select members of the
population at a regular interval – for example, by selecting every 15th person on a list of the
population. If the population is in a random order, this can imitate the benefits of simple random
sampling.
3 Stratified Sampling :In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population which
can be dividing into subpopulations. In statistical surveys, when subpopulations within an overall
population vary, it could be advantageous to sample each subpopulation independently.
4 Cluster sampling : is a probability sampling method in which you divide a population into clusters,
such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample.
Research designs in quantitative research
Study designs in quantitative research can be
classified as:
1. Experimental: the researcher starts from what might be the
cause to establish the effects after time
2. Non-experimental: the researcher starts from the effects to

trace the cause
3. Quasi-experimental: it bares a resemblance to the

experimental one but with no randomization and
manipulation
Research methods used in quantitative
research
 Structured interviews: when the researcher has over
control of the format of the questions, that are already
predetermined, the same questions are posed to all
respondents and the answers are limited and restricted
by the respondents.
 Questionnaires: close ended ones.
 Systematic observation
 Documents: files, statistical data, records, images,
sounds other written material that can be accessed in
a social, public or digital context.
 Research questions. Descriptive (what, how),
comparative and relationship to Use.
 Research hypotheses approach: are needed in
approach
 language used: the use of the researcher
instead of " I " or "we" or passive voice .
 tense used: the use of simple past instead of
simple preset
Thank you
For your attention

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Quantitative Research

by: Dounya baini

Findings : involve the main observations made based on empirical facts/data as

There are four distinctive preoccupations that can be discerned in

b) Causality: Quantitative research is keen to say why things are the

c) Generalization (external validity): findings can be generalized beyond

d) Replication: it detects fraud or findings that lack internal validity. If a

2. Non-experimental: the researcher starts from the effects to

3. Quasi-experimental: it bares a resemblance to the

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