COMBAT TRAINING

FOR
INDIVIDUAL
SOLDIER
LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this session, the student(s) must

be able to learn how to survive, fight and win in
the battlefield.
 SCOPE OF PRESENTATION

 COVER, CONCEALMENT, AND CAMOUFLAGE

 MOVEMENT AND TECHNIQUES

 COVER, CONCEALMENT, AND CAMOUFLAGE
COVER
 Gives protection from bullets, fragments of exploding
rounds, flame, nuclear effects, and biological and chemical
agents. Cover can also conceal you from enemy
observation. Cover can be natural or man-made.

Figure 1.1 Cover

COVER
 Natural cover includes such things as logs, trees, stumps,
ravines, and hollows. Man-made cover includes such
things as fighting positions, trenches, walls, rubble, and
craters. Even the smallest depression or fold in the ground
can give some cover..

Figure 1.2 Fighting position with cover

Figure1.3 Troops moving on a ravine
CONCEALMENT
 It is anything that hides you from enemy observation. Concealment does
not protect you from enemy fire.
 Natural concealment includes such things as bushes, grass, trees, and
shadows. If possible, natural concealment should not be disturbed. Man-
made concealment includes such things as battle-dress uniforms,
camouflage nets, face paint, and natural material that have been moved
from its original location.
 Light discipline, noise discipline, movement discipline, and the use of
camouflage contribute to concealment. Light discipline is controlling the use
of lights at night by such things as not smoking in the open, not walking
around with a flashlight on, and not using vehicle headlights. Noise
discipline is taking action to deflect sounds generated by your unit (such as
operating equipment) away from the enemy and, when possible, using
methods to communicate that do not generate sounds (arm-and-hand
signals).
Figure 1.4 Troops in concealed position.
CAMOUFLAGE

 It is anything you use to keep yourself, your equipment,

and your position from looking like what they are. Both
natural and man-made material can be used for
camouflage. Change and improve your camouflage
often. The time between changes and improvements
depends on the weather and on the material used.
Natural camouflage will often die, fade, or otherwise
lose its effectiveness. Likewise, man-made camouflage
may wear off or fade.
a. Camouflage Considerations
1) Movement draws attention.
2) Positions must not be where the enemy expects
to find them.

Figure 1.5 Position in cover and concealment in a hillside.

 a. Camouflage Considerations.

Figure 1.6 Soldiers with leader in a shadow of a tree.

 Shine may also attract the enemy’s attention. In the dark, it may be a
light such as a burning cigarette or flashlight. In daylight, it can be
reflected light from polished surfaces such as shiny mess gear
a. Camouflage Considerations.

Figure 1.7 Two soldiers camouflage each other.

 Shape is outline or form.

a. Camouflage Considerations

Figure 1.8 Camouflage helmet.

 The colors of your skin, uniform, and equipment may help the enemy
detect you if the colors contrast with the background. For example, a
green uniform will contrast with snow-covered terrain. Camouflage
yourself and your equipment to blend with the surroundings.
b. How to Camouflage
 Before camouflaging, study the terrain and vegetation of the area in
which you are operating. Then pick and use the camouflage material
that best blends with that area.

Figure 1.10 Camouflaged soldiers.

 Dispersion is the spreading of men, vehicles, and equipment over a

wide area.
c. Fighting Positions.

 When building a fighting position, camouflage it and the dirt taken

from it. Camouflage the dirt used as frontal, flank, rear, and
overhead cover. Also camouflage the bottom of the hole to
prevent detection from the air. Do not over camouflage.

 Do not leave shiny or light-colored objects lying about. Hide

mess kits, mirrors, food containers, and white underwear and
towels. Do not remove your shirt in the open. Your skin may
shine and be seen. Never use fires where there is a chance
that the flame will be seen or the smoke will be smelled by the
enemy. Also cover up tracks and other signs of movement.
Figure 1.11 Camouflaged fighting position being improved.
 Figure 1.12 Using a tree limb to cover up a trail.

d. Helmets
 Camouflage your helmet with the issue helmet cover
or make a cover of cloth or burlap that is colored to blend
with the terrain.
 FIGHTING POSITION

Your fighting position must:

a. Allow you to fire.
b. Protect you from observation and
direct and indirect fire.
 FIGHTING POSITION
COVER
 The cover of your fighting position must be strong enough
to protect you from small arms fire, indirect fire fragments,
and the blast wave of nuclear explosions.

Figure 2.1 Cover.

Frontal cover must be:
a. High enough to protect your head when you fire from behind the cover.
b. Far enough in front of the hole to allow room for elbow
holes and sector stakes so that you can fire to the oblique.
c. Long enough to give you cover and hide the muzzle blast of
your rifle when you fire to the oblique.

Figure 2.2 Fighting position.

Figure 2.3 Completed position and with all-round cover and crawl spaces.
CONCEALMENT
 If your position can be detected, it can be hit by enemy fire. If it can be
hit, you can be killed.
a. Natural and undisturbed concealment is better than man-made
concealment because: It is already prepared.
b. It usually not attracts the enemy’s attention.
c. It need not be replaced.

Figure 2.4 Camouflaged position.

CONCEALMENT

Figure 2.5 Position concealed from air.

SECTORS AND FIELDS OF FIRE
 The sectors of fire are those areas into which you must observe and fire.
When your leader assigns you a fighting position, he should also assign
you a primary and a secondary sector of fire.

Figure 2.6 Fighting position with sector of fire shaded.

SECTORS AND FIELDS OF FIRE

 When clearing a field of fire:

a. Do not disclose your position by careless or too much
clearing.
b. Leave a thin, natural screen of vegetation to hide your
position.
c. Cut off lower branches of large, scattered trees in sparsely
wooded areas.
d. Clear underbrush only where it blocks your view.
e. Remove cut brush, limbs, and weeds so the enemy will not spot
them.
f. Cover cuts on trees and bushes for- ward of your position with
mud, dirt, or snow. Leave no trails as clues for the enemy.
Figure 2.7 Soldiers cutting off lower branches of shattered trees.
SECTORS AND FIELDS OF FIRE.

Figure 2.8 Soldiers firing to the front.

SECTORS AND FIELDS OF FIRE

Figure 2.9 Soldiers firing to the oblique Figure 2.10 Hasty position.
while under fire.
TWO-MAN FIGHTING POSITION
 The sectors of fire are those areas into which you must observe and
fire. When your leader assigns you a fighting position, he should also
assign you a primary and a secondary sector of fire.

Figure 2.11 Straight and curve holes.

TWO-MAN FIGHTING POSITION

Figure 2.12 Moving back to front.

 On a steep slope, a straight hole may at attackers. You may have to
stand up and not let you stay behind frontal cover and fire expose
yourself to the attackers’ fire.

Figure 2.13 The effect of steep slope.

 To avoid such exposure, dig firing ports in each end of the hole. The
ground between the firing ports will then be additional frontal cover.

Figure 2.14 Firing ports.

 Dig the hole armpit deep. This lowers your profile and still lets you
fire. Other dimensions should be the length of two M16s and the
width of two bayonets.

Figure 2.15 Armpit deep cover.

 Leave enough distance between the hole and the frontal cover to
make a shelf where you can put your elbows when firing.

Figure 2.16 Elbow holes.

 Dig elbow holes to keep your elbows from moving around when
you fire. Your fire will then be more accurate.

Figure 2.17 Trench for bipod legs.

 Hammer in aiming stakes to help you fire into dangerous approaches at
night and at other times when visibility is poor.

Figure 2.18 Aiming and sector stakes.

DIG THE GRENADE SUMPS:
a. As wide as the entrenching tool blade.
b. At least as deep as an entrenching tool.
c. As long as the position floor is wide.

Figure 2.19 Sumps.

 Build overhead cover for protection against airburst fragments. Build the
overhead cover either across the center of the hole or off to its flanks.

Figure 2.20 Overhead cover. Figure 2.21 Front support.

 When center overhead cover would not make a position easy to detect,
build it. Put support logs 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) in diameter on top of
each other along the entire length of frontal and rear cover.

Figure 2.22 Building center overhead cover.

 Put a water-repellent layer, such as C-ration boxes or a poncho, over the
base logs This helps keep water from leaking through the overhead
cover.

Figure 2.23 Waterproofing.

 Put the 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) in diameter side by side
across the support logs as the base for the overhead cover.

Figure 2.24 Camouflage overhead cover.

 Then put 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) of dirt on top of the waterproofing
material. Finally, mold and camouflage the cover to blend with the
terrain.

Figure 2.25 Flank overhead cover.

Figure 2.27 Supporting logs. Figure 2.28 Camouflaging with sod.
Figure 2.29 Compartment. Figure 2.30 Revetment.
One-Man Fighting Position
Machine Gun Fighting Position.

Figure 2.32 Tracing outline.

Machine Gun Fighting Position.

Figure 2.33 Position with firing

Figure 2.34 Grenade sump locations.
Figure 2.35 Machine gun position with Figure 2.36 No secondary sector.
overhead cover.
Figure 2.37 Position for ammunition bearer. Figure 2.38 Modified two-man fighting position.
 FIGHTING POSITION

Figure 2.39 Modified two-man fighting Figure 2.40 90-MM recoilless rifle position.
position with overhead cover.
 FIGHTING POSITION

Figure 2.41 Firing LAW from position. Figure 2.42 Air view of trenches.
 FIGHTING POSITION

Figure 2.43 Center overhead cover. Figure 2.44 Flank overhead cover.
 MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES
Use the following techniques to avoid being seen or heard by the enemy.
a. Camouflage yourself and your equipment.
b. Tape your dog tags together and to the chain so they cannot slide or
rattle. Tape or pad the parts of your weapon and equipment that rattle or
are so loose that they may snag (the tape or padding must not interfere
with the operation of the weapon or equipment). Jump up and down and
listen for rattles.
c. Wear soft, well-fitting clothes.
d. Do not carry unnecessary equipment. Move from covered position to
revered position (taking no longer than 3 to 5 seconds between positions).
e. Stop, look and listen before moving. Look for your next position before
leaving a position.
f. Look for covered and concealed routes on which to move.
 MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES CONTINUATION….
g. Change direction slightly from time to time when moving through
tall grass.
h. Stop, look, and listen when birds or animals are alarmed (the
enemy may be nearby). Use battlefield noises, such as weapon noises,
to conceal movement noises. Cross roads and trails at places that have
the most cover and concealment (large culverts, low spots, curves, or
bridges).

1) Avoid steep slopes and places with loose dirt or stones.

2) Avoid cleared, open areas and tops of hills and ridges.
1. Methods of Movement. In addition to walking, you may move in one
of three other methods low crawl, high crawl, or rush.

Figure 3.1 Movements.

 The low crawl gives you the lowest silhouette.

Figure 3.2 Crawl.

 The high crawl lets you move faster than the low crawl and still gives
you a low silhouette. The rush is the fastest way to move from one
position to another. Each rush should last from 3 to 5 seconds.
Make your move from the prone position as follows:
a. Slowly raise your head and pick your next position and the route to it
b. Slowly lower your head.
c. Draw your arms into your body (keeping your elbows in).
d. Pull your right leg forward.
e. Raise your body by straightening your arms
f. Get up quickly.
Moving with Stealth
 Moving with stealth means moving quietly, slowly, and carefully. This
requires great patience. To move with stealth, use the following
techniques:
a. Hold your rifle at port arms (ready position).
b. Make your footing sure and solid by keeping your body’s weight on
the foot on the ground while stepping.
c. Raise the moving leg high to clear brush or grass.
d. Gently let the moving foot down toe first, with your body’s weight on
the rear leg.
e. Lower the heel of the moving foot after the toe is in a solid place.
f. Shift your body’s weight and balance to the forward foot before moving
the rear foot.
g. Take short steps to help maintain balance.
When going into a prone position, use the following techniques:
a. Hold your rifle with one hand and crouch slowly.
b. Feel for the ground with your free hand to make sure it is clear of
mines, tripwires, and other hazards.
c. Lower your knees, one at a time, until your body’s weight is on both
knees and your free hand.
d. Shift your weight to your free hand and opposite knee.
e. Raise your free leg up and back, and lower it gently to that side.
f. Move the other leg into position the same way.
g. Roll quietly into a prone position.
Use the following techniques when crawling:
a. Run to the next position.
b. When you are ready to stop moving, do the following:
1) Plant both of your feet.
2) Drop to your knees (at the same time slide a hand to the butt of your
rifle).
3) Fall forward, breaking the fall with the butt of the rifle.
4) Go to a prone firing position.
Figure 3.3 Rush. Figure 3.4 How to perform the rush.
Moving with Stealth
 Moving with stealth means moving quietly,
slowly, and carefully. This requires great patience. To move with stealth,
use the following techniques:
a. Hold your rifle at port arms (ready position).
b. Make your footing sure and solid by keeping your body’s weight
on the foot on the ground while stepping.
c. Raise the moving leg high to clear brush or grass.
d. Gently let the moving foot down toe first, with your body’s weight
on the rear leg.
e. Lower the heel of the moving foot after the toe is in a solid place.
f. Shift your body’s weight and balance to the forward foot before
moving the rear foot.
g. Take short steps to help maintain balance.
THANK YOU
and
GOOD DAY!!!