Classes of Smokeless Powder: Group 2 (4 Reporter)
Classes of Smokeless Powder: Group 2 (4 Reporter)
Classes of Smokeless Powder: Group 2 (4 Reporter)
SMOKELESS POWDER
GROUP 2 (4TH REPORTER)
SINGLE BASE OR THE BASIC INGREDIENT IN SINGLE-
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It is presently offered in three granulations in firearms
• Solid granules, (the correct term for a single piece of propellant) bum
from the outside in. As the surface area reduces with burning, energy
release decreases. Likewise, a large granule releases energy over a longer
time interval than will a smaller granule. Controlling granule shape and
size allows propellants to be customized to specific ballistic requirements.
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Almost all smokeless powder grains have a perfectly definite
shape, such as:
1. SMALL BALL 2. SQUARE 3.DISC
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THE SQUARE FLAKES
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DISK OR FLAKES
propellants are commonly used in
low-pressure, low-volume
applications such as handgun and
shotshell ammunition. Because most
of the burn happens from the large flat
sides inward, the rate of release is
relatively constant until the final stage
of the burn cycle. Disk/flake
propellants are produced by die
extrusion.
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CUT SHEET OR LAMELLE
was the first shape used in modern
propellants. They are most commonly
used in smaller and/or low-pressure
cartridges and the burning
characteristics are identical to extruded
disks. The sheet runs through another
set of rollers fitted with raised cutting
surfaces that cuts the sheet into a
square- or diamond-shaped pieces.
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CYLINDRICAL PROPELLANTS
have the greater surface area and
fall into the medium to slow energy
release category. Some propellants
have cylinders that are solid; others
have perforation(s) running parallel
to the long axis of the cylinder.
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BALL powders and FLATTENED BALL powders
start as nitrocellulose
suspended in a solution that is
agitated to form balls of
varying diameters. These
powders cover a large range
of small arms needs.
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EXAMPLES OF EXTRUED POWDERS:
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COMMON EXAMPLES OF BALL POWDERS
2. FLATTENED
1. SPHERICAL BALL BALL 3. CRACKED BALL
(HB-70) (BLC-2) (W-231)
GRAIN
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WEAPONS THAT CONTAIN EXPLOSIVES
1. BOMBS
• such as bombs and smart bombs
2. DEPTH CHARGES
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WEAPONS THAT CONTAIN EXPLOSIVES
3. FIREARMS AND ARTILLERY ARMS
• such are those propelled by cartridges/ammunition.
4. TORPEDOES
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WEAPONS THAT CONTAIN EXPLOSIVES
5. MINES
• such are those used for Anti-personnel and Armoured
vehicles.
6. MISSILES
• such as Anti-aircraft, Cruise Missiles, Guided Missiles,
and Projectiles.
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WEAPONS THAT CONTAIN EXPLOSIVES
7. NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• such as Atomic bombs Nuclear Weapons, E.M.P.
8. ROCKETS
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PRIMER
A cartridge primer is a small copper or
brass cup, containing a precise amount of
stable but a shock-sensitive explosive
mixture, with ingredients such as lead azide
or potassium perchlorate.
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ALEXANDER JOHN FORTSYTE
• the first one to conceive the idea of
using detonating compounds for
igniting powder charges in small
arms by percussion. He was a Scotch
Presbyterian Minister, a chemist, a
hunter, and a well-known authority
on firearms.
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PARTS OF THE PRIMER CENTERFIRE
In a typical center fire cartridge three are four parts:
1. PRIMER CUP 2.PRIMING MIXTURE
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PARTS OF THE PRIMER CENTERFIRE
In a typical center fire cartridge three are four parts:
3. ANVIL 4. PAPER OR DISC
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PRIMER CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
When subsequently introduced into breech-loaded cartridges, the
function of the percussion cap was replaced by the primer.
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TYPES OF PRIMER ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION AND FIRING PURPOSES
PERCUSSION TYPE
1. One kind of cartridge primer has an anvil which is part of the cartridge
itself, and this type is called a Berdan primer. This type is the commonly
used primer in European cartridges.
2. Later, a separate, small stamped anvil was invented to replace the integral
anvil of the cartridge, and this combination is the modern replaceable primer
also called a Boxer primer, and is commonly used in American cartridges
(Ironically, the Boxer primer is a European invention, and the Berdan primer
is an American invention). Fired primers were replaced during the Cartridge
Reloading process
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BERDAN VS. BOXER
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thank you