Biology

INTRODUCTION
OF ANATOMY &
z
PHYSIOLOGY
PREPARED BY: ASLIMA M. SAUMAY
BSED SCIENCE 3
BIO z
DESCRITIVE TITLE:
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 This course provides a comprehensive study of the
anatomy and physiology of the human body. Topics
include body organization; homeostasis; cytology;
histology; and the integumentary, skeletal, muscular,
nervous systems and special senses. Upon completion,
students should be able to demonstrate an in-depth
understanding of principles of anatomy and physiology
and their interrelationships.
 Course
z
Overview
 Laboratory work includes dissection

of preserved specimens, microscopic
study, physiologic experiments,
computer simulations, and
multimedia presentations.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
z
The student will be able explain the following;

1. What is the difference between anatomy and
physiology? 
2. Trace the history of human anatomy
3. What is homeostasis?
 4. Explain the concept of homeostasis, how it
interrelates basic human body functions and life
processes.
WHAT IS ANATOMY?
z
 The term „anatomy” derives from the ancient Greek

meaning „to dissect“. Anatomy is subdivided into
macroscopic (or gross) and microscopic anatomy.
 Macroscopic anatomy describes structures organs,
musc!es, bones etc. Which are visible to the naked
eye, that is macroscopic.
WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY?
z
 Human physiology is the science of the

mechanical physical and biochemical
functions of normal humans or human,
tissues or organs.
 The study of physiology occurs at many,
levels, including organisms, organ systems,
organs, cells and biomolecules.
BRIEF HISTORY OF ANATOMY
z
 Early Egyptians
 Ancient Egyptians are responsible
for naming most of the major
organs and external structures of
the body. Texts written as long ago
as 3000 B.C
 Perfected the science of
mummification.
 Whenz creating a mummy, the heart and other internal
organs were removed carefully and preserved, But
they left only the heart in place, believing it to be the
center of a person’s being and intelligence. The other
organs were preserved separately, with the stomach,
liver, lungs, and intestines placed in special boxes or
jars today called canopic jars. These were buried with
the mummy.
 Greek philosopher, Aristotle, thought the heart, not
the brain, was the location of intelligence and thought.
Alexandria, Egypt
z
 He study of anatomy flourished in

Alexandria between B.C. Only
criminals were allowed to be
dissected because these early
cultures were very superstitious and
believed that an intact body was
necessary for a successful afterlife.
Roman
z Influence
 In 30 B.C. Alexandria was conquered

by the Roman Empire. The Romans
were interested in power, wealth and
military strength, not in anatomical
studies. Romans outlawed anatomical
studies and human dissections.
Galen of Pergamen
 Perhaps
z one of the brightest
spots in the early history of
anatomy was the work of a
Greek physician named
Galen.
 Galen had been trained in the
Alexandrian tradition and wanted
to further the scientific study of
the human body.
z
Galen’s Work
 Because human dissections were outlawed
by the Romans, Galen wrote an anatomy
textbook based on his dissections of the
Barbary ape, a primate similar to man.
While the text was helpful it had many
inaccuracies.
 Galen's
z Influence
 Galen’s anatomy
textbook, based on the
dissection of the Barbary
ape, became the
accepted authority on
human anatomy for 1300
years!
• The zDark Ages (400 – 1100 A.D.)
Barbarians from Asia, such as Attila
and the Huns, overran and destroyed
the Roman Empire. Many of the
scientific writings were destroyed.
Fortunately some of these documents
were salvaged by the Muslems and
translated into their language, Arabic.
Rediscovery
z
 About 1100 A.D., Christian scholars

discovered these Arabic translations
and began the slow process of
translating them into Latin. This
exposed a wealth of lost and
forgotten information. Not until the
16th century were these works finally
translated.
z
FIRST AUTOPSY
 In the year 1286 we have
reference to a human dissection
being performed to determine the
cause of death. Today, this
procedure is called an autopsy.
FIRST SCHOOL OF ANATOMY AT THE
MUSEUM z OF ALEXANDRIA
 In 275 BCE, Herophilus of Chalcedon (a

follower of Hippocrates) founded the first
school of anatomy at the Museum of
Alexandria, encouraging his students to
overcome their fear of dissecting human
bodies. Because according to Roman
physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus when
he published his collection of Greek
medical writings. He states there that, “to
open the bodies of the dead is necessary
for learners.
In 1510 zone of the most famous of
Renaissance artists was Leonardo
DaVinci.Da Vinci created more than 750
anatomical drawings that were never
published This period marked the
“rebirth” of an empirical study of
anatomy.
His anatomically accurate drawings
gave to anatomists for the first time
illustrations with correct anatomical
proportions and great attention to detail.
 Andreas Vesalius- one of the
z
founders of modern anatomy.
 Vesalius revolutionized the
study of anatomy by doing
away with the barbers,
instead doing human
dissections himself and
having students assist
instead of just observer.
In 1543z , he published his own anatomy
textbook which contained many anatomically
accurate drawings based on human
dissection.
Andreas began to question classical medical
texts and ideas. Historical anatomical texts
were written during the time when dissection
of humans was been forbidden by Greek and
Roman religious law. He was sentenced to
death for performing dissections (1564).
WilliamzHarvey
The English physician, William Harvey, a student
of Fabricius, became interested in the circulation
of the blood.
Harvey was the first person to describe the heart
as a pump for blood and he also described
arteries and veins as blood vessels that carry
blood throughout the body.
 Harvey showed that “function can be inferred
from structure” and thus became known as the
“Father of Physiology”.
Marcello Malpighi
z
With the development of the
microscope, the Italian anatomist,
Marcello Malpighi was able to see
the tiny blood vessels that Harvey
could not see but had predicted
their presence. These tiny
vessels Malpighi named
“capillaries”, which means “hair-
like” in Latin.
Burke and Hare
z
During 1827 and 1828, Burke and Hare brought a
new dimension to the trade of selling corpses “to
the doctors” by murdering rather than grave-
robbing and supplying their victims’ fresh corpses
for medical dissection.
In 1829, William Burke was hanged in Edinburgh
for murdering victims by asphyxiation in order to
provide cadavers to physicians.
 Their activities, and those of the London Burkers
who imitated them, resulted in the passage of the
Anatomy Act of 1832.
Anatomy
z Act 1832
 - is an Act of parliament of the United
Kingdom that gave freer license to
doctors, teachers of anatomy and bona
fide medical students to dissect
donated bodies. It was enacted in
response to public revulsion at the
illegal trade in corpses.
z
20th &
z 21
st
Century Anatomy
 Evolutionary and molecular biology
Medical imaging Pathology
Endocrinology DNA
z
z
 This is why the internal environment needs to be

regulated and kept constant. In fact, the internal
conditions are not absolutely constant, but allowed
to vary within very narrow limits. Human body
temperature, for example, varies between 36.1 –
37.8 o C.
z
z
z
z
THANK YOU&
z
GOD BLESS
EVERYONE ☺️

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INTRODUCTION

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Laboratory work includes dissection

The student will be able explain the following;

 The term „anatomy” derives from the ancient Greek

 Human physiology is the science of the

 He study of anatomy flourished in

 In 30 B.C. Alexandria was conquered

 About 1100 A.D., Christian scholars

 In 275 BCE, Herophilus of Chalcedon (a

 This is why the internal environment needs to be

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