Applied Aspects of Fungi and Fungus Like Organisms

APPLIED ASPECTS OF
FUNGI AND FUNGUS LIKE

ORGANISMS
Presented by:
Rehmatullah
Reg no# 18-arid-2268
Course PP-501
Submitted To:
Ma’am Gulshan Irshad
FUNGI
Introduction
Definition:
Fungi are a group of living organisms which are classified in their own kingdom.
This means they are not animals, plants, or bacteria. Unlike bacteria, which
have simple prokaryotic cells, fungi have complex eukaryotic cells like animals and
plants.
Example:
Examples of fungi are yeasts, rusts, stinkhorns, puffballs, truffles, molds, mildews and
mushrooms.
HISTORY
_Extending the use of the binomial system of nomenclature introduced

by Carl Linnaeus in his Species plantarum (1753), the Dutch Christian
Hendrik Persoon (1761–1836) established the first classification of
mushrooms with such skill as to be considered a founder of modern mycology.
_Fungi have ancient origins, with evidence indicating they likely first
appeared about one billion years ago, though the fossil record of fungi is
scanty. Fungal hyphae evident within the tissues of the oldest plant fossils
confirm that fungi are an extremely ancient group.
IMPORTANCE
Fungi are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet. This is
easy to overlook, given their largely hidden, unseen actions and growth. They are
important in an enormous variety of ways
Recycling
Fungi, together with bacteria, are responsible for most of the recycling which
returns dead material to the soil in a form in which it can be reused. Without fungi,
these recycling activities would be seriously reduced. We would effectively be lost
under piles many metres thick, of dead plant and animal remains
IMPORTANCE
Biocontrol
Fungi such as the Chinese caterpillar fungus, which parasitise insects, can be extremely
useful for controlling insect pests of crops. The spores of the fungi are sprayed on the crop
pests. Fungi have been used to control Colorado potato beetles, which can devastate potato
crops. Spittlebugs, leaf hoppers and citrus rust mites are some of the other insect pests which
have been controlled using fungi.
Animal Disease
Fungi can also parasitise domestic animals causing diseases, but this is not usually a major
economic problem. A wide range of fungi also live on and in humans, but most coexist
harmlessly. Athletes foot and Candida infections are examples of human fungal infections.
IMPORTANCE
Mycorrhizae and plant growth
Fungi are vitally important for the good growth of most plants, including crops, through
the development of mycorrhizal associations As plants are at the base of most food chains,
if their growth was limited, all animal life, including human, would be seriously reduced
through starvation.
Crop Diseases
Fungal parasites may be useful in biocontrol, but they can also have enormous negative
consequences for crop production. Some fungi are parasites of plants. Most of our common
crop plants are susceptible to fungal attack of one kind or another. Fungal diseases can on
occasion result in the loss of entire crops if they are not treated with antifungal agents.
SOME ASPECT OF FUNGI
1.Fungi are eukaryotic organisms means they have true nucleus which
are enclosed in membranes.
2.They are non-vascular organisms. They do not have vascular system.
Xylem and Phloem are absent.
3.Fungi have cell walls (plants also have cell walls, but animals have no
cell walls).
4.There is no embryonic stage for fungi.
5.They reproduce by means of spores.

There are sexual and asexual spores.
Sexual spores are Oospores,
Zygospores, Ascospores,
Basidiospores, etc. and Asexual
spores are Sporangiospores,
Aplanospores, Zoospores, Conidia,
etc.
6.Depending on the species and conditions both sexual and asexual spores may be produced.
7.They are typically non-motile.
8. Fungi exhibit the phenomenon of alteration of generation. They have both haploid and
diploid stage.
9.Fungi are achlorophyllous, which means they lack the chlorophyll pigments present in the
chloroplasts in plant cells and which are necessary for photosynthesis.
10.The vegetative body of the fungi may be unicellular or composed of microscopic threads
called hyphae.
11.Hyphae can grow and form a network called a mycelium.
12.Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not produce hyphae.

13.The structure of cell wall is similar to plants but chemically the

fungi cell wall are composed of chitin (C8H13O5N)n.
14.The cell membrane of a fungus has a unique sterol and ergosterol.

15.Fungi are heterotrophic organisms. They obtains its food and energy from organic
substances, plant and animal matters.
16.Fungi grow best in acidic environment (tolerate acidic pH).
17.Fungi digest the food first and then ingest the food, to accomplish this the fungi produce
exoenzymes like Hydrolases, Lyases, Oxidoreductase, Transferase, etc.
18.Fungi store their food as starch.
19.Biosynthesis of chitin occurs in fungi.
20.Many of the fungi have a small nuclei with repetitive DNA.
21.During mitosis the nuclear envelope is not dissolved.

22.Nutrition in fungi – they are saprophytes (gets energy from dead and decaying
matters), or parasites (lives in a host, attack and kill) or symbionts (mutually beneficial).
23.Optimum temperature of growth for most saprophytic fungi is 20-30°C while (30-37)°C
for parasitic fungi.
24.Growth rate of fungi is slower than that of bacteria.
25.Reproduction in fungi is both by sexual and asexual means.
26.Sexual state is referred to as teleomorph (fruiting body), asexual state is referred to as

anamorph (mold like).
27.Reproduction occurs by both asexual (Axamorph) and sexual (Teliomorph)
mode:Asexual methods: fragmentation, fsomatic budding, fission, asexual spore
formation
Sexual methods: gametic copulation, gamate-gametangium opulation, gametangium
copulation, somatic copulation and Spermatization.
28.Pheromone is a chemical substance produced by fungi, which leads to the sexual
reproduction between male and female fungi cells.
29.Some fungi are macroscopic and can be seen by naked eyes. Mold or mushrooms
are examples of macroscopic form of fungi.
30.In 1991, a landmark paper estimated that there are 1.5 million fungi on
the Earth.
31.Only about 300 species of fungi are infectious to human.
32.Examples: Candida
albicans, Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus
neoformans, Histoplasma, Pneumocystis jirovecii, etc.
FUNGUS
Introduction
Definition:Any of numerous spore-
producing eukaryotic organisms of the
kingdom Fungi, which lack chlorophyll
and vascular tissue and range in form
from a single cell to a mass of branched
filamentous hyphae that often produce
specialized fruiting bodies. The kingdom
includes the yeasts, smuts, rusts,
mushrooms, and many molds, excluding
the slime molds and the water molds.
SOME ASPECTS OF FUNGUS
1.With other eukaryotes: fungal cells contain membrane-bound nuclei with chromosomes

that contain DNA with noncoding regions called introns and coding regions called exons.
Fungi have membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles such as mitochondria, sterol-
containing membranes, and ribosomes of the 80S type. They have a characteristic range of
soluble carbohydrates and storage compounds, including sugar
alcohols (e.G., Mannitol), disaccharides, (e.G., Trehalose),
and polysaccharides (e.G., Glycogen, which is also found in animals
2.With animals: fungi lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic organisms and so require
preformed organic compounds as energy sources.
3.With euglenoids and bacteria: Higher fungi, euglenoids, and some bacteria produce

the amino acid L-lysine in specific biosynthesis steps, called the α-aminoadipate pathway.
4.The cells of most fungi grow as tubular, elongated, and thread-like (filamentous) structures
called hyphae, which may contain multiple nuclei and extend by growing at their tips. Each tip
contains a set of aggregated vesicles—cellular structures consisting of proteins, lipids, and
other organic molecules—called the Spitzenkörper. Both fungi and oomycetes grow as
filamentous hyphal cells. In contrast, similar-looking organisms, such as filamentous green
algae, grow by repeated cell division within a chain of cells. There are also single-celled fungi
(yeasts) that do not form hyphae, and some fungi have both hyphal and yeast forms.
5.With plants: Fungi have a cell wall

and vacuoles.T hey reproduce by both sexual
and asexual means, and like basal plant
groups (such as ferns and mosses)
produce spores. Similar to mosses and algae,
fungi typically have haploid nuclei.
6.fungi have both hyphal and yeast forms.

7.In common with some plant and animal species, more than 70 fungal
species display bioluminescence.
8.Some species grow as unicellular yeasts that reproduce by budding or fission. Dimorphic
fungi can switch between a yeast phase and a hyphal phase in response to environmental
conditions.
9.The fungal cell wall is composed of glucans and chitin; while glucans are also found in
plants and chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods, fungi are the only organisms that combine
these two structural molecules in their cell wall. Unlike those of plants and oomycetes,
fungal cell walls do not contain cellulose.
Thank You
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APPLIED ASPECTS OF

FUNGI AND FUNGUS LIKE

_Extending the use of the binomial system of nomenclature introduced

5.They reproduce by means of spores.

12.Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not produce hyphae.

13.The structure of cell wall is similar to plants but chemically the

14.The cell membrane of a fungus has a unique sterol and ergosterol.

21.During mitosis the nuclear envelope is not dissolved.

26.Sexual state is referred to as teleomorph (fruiting body), asexual state is referred to as

1.With other eukaryotes: fungal cells contain membrane-bound nuclei with chromosomes

3.With euglenoids and bacteria: Higher fungi, euglenoids, and some bacteria produce

5.With plants: Fungi have a cell wall

6.fungi have both hyphal and yeast forms.

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