GAS LAWS

PRESSURE AND VOLUME

 Boyle, R. discovered the relationship between gas
pressure to gas volume

 As long as T and n are constant

As the volume decreases, more collisions with the walls
occur (less space), so pressure increases
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-Volume
Relationship
 The British physicist and chemist,
Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was able
to investigate in 1660 the pressure-
volume relationship of air.
 From his experiment, Boyle noted
that at a constant temperature and a
fixed mass, the pressure P exerted
by a given sample of a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume
V it occupies.
 This relationship can be expressed
as:
TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME
 Charles, Jacques found that the volume of any gas will
increase with an increase in temperature
 The volume of a sample of gas is directly proportional to
its temperature
 As long as P and n are held constant
CHARLES’ LAW: Temperature-Volume Relationship
 What happens when temperature increases?
–Increase speed of molecules
–Increase force with which they hit the walls
 If volume can change

–Force “stretches” out its container until it ends up with the

same pressure it had before, just a larger volume
CHARLES’ LAW: Temperature-Volume Relationship
 Volume and temperature
are proportional (if
pressure and amount of
gas is constant)

– Increase temperature, volume

increases
– Decrease temperature, volume
decreases
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
 Gay-Lussac, J. L. discovered the relationship between gas
pressure and temperature of a gas
 As long as V and n are constant
 By KM theory, as the temperature increases, the speed of
the gas molecules increases
 The pressure of a sample of gas, at a constant volume, is
directly proportional to its temperature (K)
TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
 By KM theory, as the
temperature increases, the
speed of the gas molecules
increases
 Increase in the number of
collisions the molecules
have with the container wall
 Thus, an increase in
The Combined Gas Laws: P-V-T
Relationship
 From the three gas laws, the relationships among the three
properties of a gas – pressure, volume and absolute
temperature – can be derived.
 Let us summarize the three gas laws:

At a constant T At a constant P
At a constant V
Graded Seatwork 2
1. A gas has a volume of 800.0 mL at −23.0 °C and 300.0
torr. What would the volume of the gas be at 227.0 °C
and 600.0 torr of pressure?
2. 500.0 liters of a gas in a flexible-walled container are
prepared at 700.0 mmHg and 200.0 °C. The gas is placed
into a tank under high pressure. When the tank cools to
20.0 °C, the pressure of the gas is 30.0 atm. What is the
volume of the gas?
3. 690.0 mL of oxygen are collected over water at 26.0 °C
and a total pressure of 725.0 mm of mercury. What is the
volume of dry oxygen at 52.0 °C and 800.0 mm pressure?
Graded Seatwork 2
4. What is the volume of gas at 2.00 atm and 200.0 K if its
original volume was 300.0 L at 0.250 atm and 400.0 K.?
5. At conditions of 785.0 torr of pressure and 15.0 °C
temperature, a gas occupies a volume of 45.5 mL. What
will be the volume of the same gas at 745.0 torr and 30.0
°C?
Ideal Gas Law
 The ideal gas law illustrates the relationship between
pressure, volume , temperature and moles.
 The formula for the ideal gas law is
PV = nRT
Where: P – Pressure
V – Volume
n – moles
T – Temperature
R – The Ideal Gas Constant
The Universal Gas Constant
 The gas constant (also called the
universal gas constant, molar
gas constant or ideal gas
constant) is a physical constant,
denoted as R, which appears in
many fundamental equations in
physics, engineering and other
sciences, such as the ideal gas
law and other equations of state.
 Currently, the most accurate
value of R is 8.3144621.
Avogadro’s Law
 Volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of
gas at a constant temperature and pressure.

Where:
 Avogadro's Law can apply
well to problems using
Standard Temperature and
Pressure, because of a set
amount of pressure and
temperature.
Sample Problems
 A 5.00 L of a gas is known to contain 0.965 mol. If the
amount of gas is increased to 1.80 mol, what new volume
will result (at an unchanged temperature and pressure)?
 A cylinder with a movable piston contains 2.00 g of
helium, He, at room temperature. More helium was added
to the cylinder and the volume was adjusted so that the
gas pressure remained the same. How many grams of
helium were added to the cylinder if the volume was
changed from 2.00 L to 2.70 L? (The temperature was
held constant.)
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
 The air we breathe is a mixture mainly of nitrogen and oxygen
with smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapor and the
other gases.
 The atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial pressures
exerted by the combination of these gases. This is true in all
mixtures.
 In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas(if it is
isolated in the container) is called its partial pressure.
 The sum of the partial pressures exerted by each of the gases.
 This is Dalton’s law of partial pressures, which can be
mathematically represented as:
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 +P4 + ….. + Pn
Sample Problems
 A mixture of 40.0 g of oxygen and 40.0 g of helium has a
total pressure of 0.900 atm. What is the partial pressure of
each gas?
 Nitrogen is collected over water at 40.0 °C. What is the
partial pressure of nitrogen if the total pressure is 99.42
kPa?
Graham’s Law: Diffusion and Effusion of
Gases
 When your mother cooks food in the kitchen and you are near
the place, you will eventually smell the food.
 Even there was no movement of the air in the room caused by
fans, the aroma-causing molecules could easily mix with
gases in the air, and finally reach your nose.
 This mixing of molecules of two or more gases due to their
molecular motion is called diffusion.
 It results from the random molecular motion of all component
gases.
 Closely related to diffusion is effusion, which refers to the
movement of gas through a tiny opening or a porous material.
Graham’s Law
 Thomas Graham, a Scottish chemist, worked on the
effusion of gases.
 Experimentally, he found that the rate of effusion r of a
gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar
mass (MM) .
 The Graham’s Law formula is
Sample Problems
 If equal amounts of helium and argon are placed in a
porous container and allowed to escape, which gas will
escape faster and how much faster?
 What is the molecular weight of a gas which diffuses 1/50
as fast as hydrogen?