Presentation ICT Powerpoint

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 6

 

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND OHM’S LAW


Ohm’s law as definition: the potential
difference across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current strength through
the resistor, provided the temperature
remains constant.

Ohm’s law in symbol

V α I (at constant T)

As an equation
Where: R – Resistance
V (E) – Voltage
I – Current strength
The graph of V versus I is a straight line
through the origin
 The greater the resistance, the smaller the
current
 The greater the resistance, the greater the
potential difference across resistor (Vα R).
 The potential difference across the light bulb
and ratio increases
 Therefore, the graph of has an increase
gradient.
Resistors in series circuit

Resistors are connected end to end From ohm’s law it follows that:
The total effective resistance of resistors in series is the sum of
separate resistance values:  V1 = IR
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
= x R1
The same current strength (A) flows through each of the resistors
connected in series, regardless of resistance values, I1 = I2 = I3
(readings A1, A2, A3)
V1 = x VT

The total potential difference of external circuit is divided between


the resistors connected in series: VT = V1 + V2 + V3
The division is proportional to the resistance values of the resistors
I = Main current strength
Resistors in series are potential dividers. VT = total potential difference of
external circuit
Therefore, The greater the resistance of the resistor, the greater the
potential difference across its end. RT = total effective resistance
of the resistors in external
circuit
2. I = = 2A I = main current
Example
Suppose three resistors R1 = 2ꭥ, R2 = 2ꭥ 3. V1 = x VT OR V1 = IR1
and R3 = 3ꭥ are connected in series. The = x 12 =2x1
potential difference across the battery is 12
V. =2V =2V

• Determine:
V2 = x VT OR V2 = IR2
= x 12 =2x2
1. The total effective resistance
=4V =4V
2. The reading on the ammeter A
3. The potential difference across each
V3 = x VT OR V3 = IR3
resistor = x 12 =2x3
Solution
1. RT = R1 + R2 + R3 =6V =6V
= 1+2+3 NB
= 6ꭥ
Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 V
Resistors

in parallel circuit
The total effective resistance of resistors connected in parallel is
calculated as follows:
= + +
p is read as ‘parallel’, thus Rp = Rparallel
1. From ohm’s law, i.e. I1 = = OR
2. for two resistors, R1 = 1 ohms and R2 = 2
 The value of Rp is always less than that of the parallel branch with the
smallest resistance ohms in parallel with a current of 6A
 The more resistor in parallel, the smaller their total effective Current through R2 = x Imain current
resistance
 For two resistors connected in parallel, the total resistance is:
= x6=2A

Rp =   Current through R1 = x Imain current = x 6 = 4 A


 The potential difference is the same across each resistor and across The larger current passes through the resistor
the parallel resistors combined, i.e. with a smaller resistance R1 and vice versa.
Vp = V1 = V 2

 The main current is divided between the resistors so that:

I T = I 1 + I2
Therefore, resistors in parallel are current dividers. 
 The smallest current passes through the resistor with the greater
resistance
 The current strength through each can be calculated as follows:
example
2. Vp = 10.8 V
Three resistors R1 = 1Ω, R2 = 2Ω and R3 = 3Ω
are connected in parallel in a circuit with a 10, IT = = = = 19.8 A 
8 V battery, ammeter and switch (assume the
internal resistance = 0Ω).
3. I1 = OR NB:
• Calculate
= = 10.8 A Vp = potential difference
1. total effective resistance of the resistors across the battery, as there
are no resistors in series in
2. the main current strength I2 = = = 5.4 A the circuit
3. the current strength (I1, I2 and I3) through
NB:
each resistor (R1,R2 and R3),
I1 + I 2 + I 3
Solution I3 = = = 3.6 A
= 10.8 +5.4 +3.6
1. = + +
=19.8 A =I(main current)
= + + =
Rp = 0.54 Ω

You might also like