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    Organization of The Body 1 1

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    The document provides an overview of the organization of the human body. It begins by outlining the basic structural units that make up the body, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It then describes the four main types of tissues - connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve tissues. The document also discusses anatomical regions, planes, cavities, and directional terms to describe locations in the body. It provides learning objectives on gaining a basic understanding of how the body is organized from the cellular level up through organ systems.

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    Organization of The Body 1 1

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    jlinuel' St
    18 views33 pages
    The document provides an overview of the organization of the human body. It begins by outlining the basic structural units that make up the body, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It then describes the four main types of tissues - connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve tissues. The document also discusses anatomical regions, planes, cavities, and directional terms to describe locations in the body. It provides learning objectives on gaining a basic understanding of how the body is organized from the cellular level up through organ systems.

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    Organization of the Body 1 1

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    The document provides an overview of the organization of the human body. It begins by outlining the basic structural units that make up the body, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It then describes the four main types of tissues - connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve tissues. The document also discusses anatomical regions, planes, cavities, and directional terms to describe locations in the body. It provides learning objectives on gaining a basic understanding of how the body is organized from the cellular level up through organ systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views33 pages

    Organization of The Body 1 1

    Uploaded by

    jlinuel' St
    The document provides an overview of the organization of the human body. It begins by outlining the basic structural units that make up the body, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It then describes the four main types of tissues - connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve tissues. The document also discusses anatomical regions, planes, cavities, and directional terms to describe locations in the body. It provides learning objectives on gaining a basic understanding of how the body is organized from the cellular level up through organ systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    ORGANIZATION OF THE

    BODY
    CHAPTER 5
    Learning Outcomes:

    1. To know the organization of the body.


    2. To discover the building blocks of the body.
    3. To know anatomical regions, planes and cavities.
    4. To know the systems associated with basic anatomy.
    5. To take a tour of the physiological system.
    6. To find out how systems work together.
    TOPIC OUTLINE  BASIC STRUCTURAL UNITS (word
    elements)
    • Parts or Regions of the Body
    • Location of Body Structures

     CELLS
     TISSUES
     ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
     CAVITIES OF THE BODY
     DIRECTIONAL TERMS &
    ANATOMICAL PLANES
     ORGAN SYSTEMS
    BASIC STRUCTURAL
    UNITS OF THE BODY

    • Adip/o = fat
    • Chondr/o = cartilage
    • Cyt/o = cell
    • Hist/o = tissue
    • Nucle/o = nucleus
    • Sarc/o = flesh; muscle
     PARTS OR REGIONS OF THE BODY
    COMBINING FORM MEANING
    Abdomin/o abdomen
    Acr/o Extremity (arm/leg)
    Crani/o skull
    Dactyl/o Finger or toe
    Gastr/o stomach
    Inguin/o groin
    Lumb/o loin;

    COMBINING FORM MEANING


    Pelv/i pelvis
    Som/a body
    Somat/o body
    Thorac/o chest
    Umbilic/o navel
    Viscer/o Internal organs
     LOCATION OF THE BODY
    STRUCTURES
    • Anter/o (front)
    • Caud/o (tail)
    • Cephal/o (head)
    • Dist/o (distant)
    • Dors/o (back)
    • Infer/o (lower; below)
     LOCATION OF THE BODY
    STRUCTURES
    • Later/o (side)
    • Medi/o (middle)
    • Poster/o (back)
    • Proxim/o (near)
    • Super/o (upper; above)
    • ventr/o (belly; belly-side)
     CELLS
    CELLS
    • “Basic and smallest unit of life”
    • Contains body’s hereditary material
    • Convert nutrients into energy &
    carry out specialized functions.

    GROUP GROUP OF
    OF GROUP OF ORGANS
    CELLS TISSUES FORM FORMS“OR
    FORM GAN
    “ORGANS”
    “TISSUE SYSTEM”
    S”
    BASIC STRUCTURE OF CELL:
    The basic structure of a cell includes three parts:

    • CELL MEMBRANE (plasma membrane)


    - outer covering of the cell
    - holds the substances inside the cell and maintains its shape
    - responsible for the transport of the cell.
    • NUCLEUS
    - central portion of the cell
    - cell’s control center
    - contains chromosomes
    • CYTOPLASM (protoplasm)
    - surrounds the nucleus
    - contains the organelles (Ex: mitochondria, ribosomes, Lysosomes)
     TISSUES
    - These are the results of group of cells that function together as one
    unit. These cells have same or similar structures.
    Four different types of tissues:
    • CONNECTIVE TISSUES
    - supports and encases body structures
    - bone, cartilage, dense fibrous, loose, and adipose tissues

    • EPITHELIAL TISSUES
    - cover the internal and external body surfaces
    - found in the skin, mucous membrane, lining of blood vessels, digestive,
    respiratory, and urinary tracts.
    • MUSCLE TISSUES
    - Provides movement.
    - Its main function is to CONTRACT

    • NERVE TISSUES
    - composed of nerve cells called NEURONS
    - conduct impulses to and from the brain
     ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
    ORGANS
    - made up of several types of tissues that performs specific functions.
    - Ex: heart, liver, stomach, lungs, skin, eyes

    BODY SYSTEMS
    - When groups of organs work together, the form a system. Some of the
    major body systems and their major organs are:

    • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- heart and blood vessels


    • DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OR GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM- mouth,
    esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.
    • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- variety of glands
    • INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM- skin, hair, nail, sweat glands, oil glands
    • LYMPHATIC SYSTEM- Lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, thymus,
    lymphatic vessels

    • MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM- bones, muscles, tendons, and


    ligaments

    • REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS- uterus, ovaries, testes, prostate

    • RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- trachea, lungs, bronchi,


    • SENSORY OR SPECIAL SENSES SYSTEMS- eyes, ears, nose
    mouth, brain, and spinal chord

    • URINARY SYSTEMS- kidneys, bladder, renal pelvis, ureters, urethra.


     CAVITIES OF THE BODY
    • THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF CAVITIES
    IN THE BODY; THE VENTRAL CAVITIES AND
    THE DORSAL CAVITIES.
     VENTRAL CAVITIES- located in the front part of
    the body. There are 2 kinds of ventral cavities:
    -THORACIC CAVITY- contains the heart and the lungs
    -ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY- contains organs of
    digestive and reproductive systems. This cavity is made
    up of 2 subcavities; the abdominal and pelvic
    cavities.
    • DIAPHRAGM- A thick muscle wall that separates
    these 2 cavities.
     DORSAL CAVITIES- located in the back part of
    the body. There are 2 types of dorsal cavities.
    - CRANIAL CAVITY (skull) – contains the brain.
    - SPINAL CAVITY (spinal canal) – contains the spinal
    chord.
    DIVISION OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

    The ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY is divided into 9 regions that are


    used to identify the locations of internal regions;

    - Right hypochondriac
    - Epigastric
    - Left hypochondriac
    - Right lumbar
    - Umbilical
    - Left lumbar
    - Right inguinal
    - Hypogastric
    - Left inguinal
    THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY CAN ALSO BE DIVIDED INTO 4
    QUADRANTS:

    • RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT


    • LEFT UPPER QUADRANT
    • RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT
    • LEFT LOWER QUADRANT

    Note: Both system is used for subdividing the right and left destinations of the patient’s
    abdominopelvic cavity. The region system is used mainly in identifying the location of
    internal organs while the quadrant system is generally used for clinical examination and
    reporting.
    ROOTS OF STRUCTURES
    ROOTS WHAT IT MEANS
    Cyt/o cell
    Epitheli/o epithelium
    Fibr/o fibrous
    Hist/o tissue
    Lip/o fat
    Myo muscle
    Neur/o nerve
    Organ/o organ
    Viscer/o internal organ
    Suffixes pertaining to body structure and organization.
    SUFFIX WHAT IT MEANS
    -cyte cell
    -gen Agent that causes
    -genic producing
    -ologist One who studies/practices
    -oma Tumor or swelling
    -osis Abnormal condition
    -pathy disease
    -plasm Growth or formation
    -sarcoma Malignant tumor
     DIRECTIONAL TERMS AND
    ANATOMICAL PLANES
    • ANATOMICAL PLANES-
    - These are the imaginary planes (flat
    surfaces) that are used to section or provide
    divisions of the body in a specific location.

    There are different basic anatomical


    planes:

     FRONTAL OR CORONAL PLANE


     SAGITTAL PLANE
     MIDSAGITTAL PLANE
     TRANSVERSE PLANE
     FRONTAL OR CORONAL PLANE

    • A VERTICAL section or
    anatomical plane that provides
    division of the body and its
    parts into anterior (front) and
    posterior (back) portions.
     MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

    • It is a HORIZONTAL sagittal planes


    through the midline of the body.
    • It divides the body or any of its
    parts into right and left halves.
     SAGITTAL PLANE

    • LATERAL PLANE
    • A VERTICAL plane running
    from front to back
    • It divides the body or any of its
    parts into right and left sides.
     TRANSVERSE PLANE

    • AXIAL PLANE
    • A HORIZONTAL (CROSS-
    SECTION) plane

    • Divides the body or any of its


    parts into upper and lower
    halves.
     DIRECTIONAL TERMS
    • These languages/terms are used to
    represent or specifically locate an
    position and area on the body.

    DIFFERENT DIRECTIONAL TERMS:

    • ANTERIOR & VENTRAL- refers to


    the front of the body
    • POSTERIOR & DORSAL- refers to
    the back of the body
    • CEPHALAD- towards the head;
    refers to the structure above the
    waistline
    • CAUDAD- tail or downward; refers
    to the structures below the
    waistline.
    Directional terms showing
    Proximal and Distal
    the Anterior & Posterior
    • LATERAL- sides; indicates a
    structure that is farther away from
    the median plane.

    • MEDIAL- middle; indicates a


    structure that is nearer to the
    median plane of the body.

    • DISTAL- farthest to the point of


    origin.

    • PROXIMAL- nearest to the point of


    origin.
    BELOW IS THE TABLE PROVIDES THE LIST OF SOME BODY REGIONS
    FROM THE HEAD GOING DOWNWARD:

    REGIONS LOCATION
    Auricular region Around the ears

    Axillary Axillae (armpits)


    Buccal Cheeks of the face
    Carpal Wrist
    Cervical neck
    Clavicular On each side of the suprastemal notch
    Infraorbital Below the eyes
    Infrascapular On each side of the chest, down to the last rib
    Interscapular On the back, between scapulae
    Lumbar Below the infrascapular area
    Mammary Breast area
    Mental Region of chin
    Nasal Nose
    Occipital Lower posterior head
    Orbital Around the eyes
    Pectoral Chest
    Popliteal Behind the knee
    Pubic Below the hypogastric region
    Sacral Area over the sacrum
    Sternal Over the sternum
    Submental Below the chin
    Supraclavicular Above the clavicle
     SPINAL COLUMN VERTEBRAL COLUMN

    • The SPINAL OR VERTEBRAL


    COLUMN is another body regions
    also known as back. It is composed
    of bone tissues and divided into 5
    regions.

    • The Spinal Column is different from


    the Spinal Cord.

    • SPINAL CORD is composed of


    nerves (nerve tissues) running
    through the spinal column
    PARTS OF SPINAL COLUMNS
    • CERVICAL REGION (C)
    Location: Neck region
    No. of Bones: 7 called the “C1-C7”
    • THORACIC OR DORSAL REGION
    (T or D)- each bone is joined to a rib
    Location: Chest Region
    No. of Bones: 12 called “T1-T12”
    • LUMBAR REGION (L)
    Location: loin
    No. of Bones: 5 called “L1-L5”
    • SACRAL REGION (S)
    Location: below the last lumbar vertebra
    No. of Bones: 5 called the “S1-S5”
    • COCCYGEAL REGION
    -Also known as the “tailbone”.
    -Composed of 4 fused pieces of bones.
     ORGAN SYSTEMS

    • MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
    - The musculoskeletal system supports your body and helps you move. This is made
    up of 206 and more than 600 muscles.
    - bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and soft tissues
    • INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
    - It is the body’s largest organ that helps to regulate temperature and eliminate waste
    through perspiration. It is the first defense of the body against bacteria, viruses, and
    pathogens.
    - Includes nails, hair, skin, and glands
    • SENSORY SYSTEM
    - Enables the body to detect and process information from its surroundings through
    sensory organs that is interpreted by the brain
    - eyes, nose, ears, skin, tongue
    • CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
    - Sometimes called “Circulatory System”, carries oxygen, nutrient, hormones, and
    lymph fluids in the body and get rid of wastes products.
    • LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS
    - This system works together white the blood in the body to fight and defend the body
    against diseases.
    - It produces disease-fighting cells (lymphocytes) that circulates in the blood.
    • RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
    - The Respiratory System’s main function is to allow the body to breath or the gas
    exchange internally and externally of the body.
    • GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
    - Also known as the “digestive system”. It digests food, absorbs nutrients, carries
    and eliminates waste materials.

    -
    • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
    - Maintains the chemical balance in the body.
    • NERVOUS SYSTEM
    - It transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
    - It controls voluntary and involuntary actions.
    • URINARY SYSTEM
    - It controls the levels of chemicals and salts in the blood.
    - Helps regulate blood pressure and maintains body’s water balance
    - Remove metabolic wastes products from the body.
    • REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
    - The overall function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring.
    FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tube, cervix, vagina
    MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: testes, penis, prostate gland, scrotum, vas
    deferens, and seminal vesicles

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