Acids and Bases

ACIDS AND
BASES
Pre-activity/Pre-test
A. Directions. Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice in your notebook.
1. According to Bronsted-Lowry, a base is defined as
A. an electron-pair acceptor
C. a proton acceptor
D. a proton donor
B. a hydroxide donor
2. According to Bronsted-Lowry, an acid is defined as
A. an electron-pair acceptor
C. a proton acceptor
B. a hydroxide donor
D. a proton donor
3. Which of the following is an example of an acid-base reaction?
A. CH4 + 202 CO₂+ 2H2O
B. Cu + 2AgNO3- 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2
C. HCI + NaOH NaCl + H2O
D. N2 + 2H3 2NH3
4. Which of the following species could be a Bronsted-Lowry base?
A. Cr
B. Both A & B
C. LiOH
D. A only
5. Identify the acid in the following reaction.
SO4(aq) + H2O(l)-HSO, (aq) + OH(aq)
A. H₂O
C. OH
B. HSOA
D. SO4
6. A solution with a pH of 7.0.
A. is acidic
B. is basic
C. is moderate
D. is neutral
7. What is the relationship between [H+] and pH? A. As the pH value decreases, the concentration of
H+ increases
B. As the pH value decreases, the concentration of H+ also decreases
C. As the pH value increases, the concentration of H+ also increases
D. As the pH value decreases, the concentration of H+ has no significant effect
8. pH is a measure of
A. density
C. OH- concentration
B. H-concentration
D. solute concentration
9. Which of the following relationships is true for an acidic solution?
A. [H+] > [OH-] C. pH = 7.00
B. [H+] <[OH-]
D. pH > 7.00
10. A solution in which [OH] exceeds [H+] is said to be
A. acidic
C. neutral
B. basic
D. salt
Theories of Acids and Bases
• The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases states that “an acid
generates H+ ions in a solution whereas a base produces an
OH– ion in its solution”.
• The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines “an acid as a proton

donor and a base as a proton acceptor”.
• Finally, the Lewis definition of acids and bases describes

“acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as electron-pair
donors”.
The Arrhenius acid-base theory
• Arrhenius acid-base theory proposed by Svante

Arrhenius
• First modern approach to acid-base concept
• Simple and useful theory
• Acids increase concentration of H+ or proton in
aqueous solution
• Released H+ ion or proton combines with
water molecule to form hydronium ion
(H3O+)
• Arrhenius bases increase concentration of
OH− or hydroxide ion in aqueous solution
• Arrhenius bases have at least one OH− ion in
formula
Some Arrhenius acids.
When it is dissolved in water, then:
WATER
HCl (aq) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
WATER
HNO3 (aq) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
WATER
H2SO4(aq) H+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)
Some Arrhenius bases.
When it is dissolved in water, then:
WATER
NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
WATER
KOH (aq) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
WATER
NH4OH (aq) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
What is Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases?
• Bronsted-Lowry theory introduced by Johannes

Bronsted and Thomas Lowry
• Acid donates protons (H+) and base accepts protons
• Bronsted acids and bases defined by this theory
• Acid-base reaction involves transfer of a proton (H+)
from acid to base
• Resulting products are conjugate base and conjugate acid
In the reaction of HCI and NH3, as shown in Figure 1, HCI
donates hydrogen ion (H+) towards ammonia (NH3)
forming ammonium ion (NH4+), the conjugate acid, and
chloride ion (CH-), the conjugate base.
Acid-Base Property of Water
A compound like water, H₂O, that contains both a hydrogen atom and a
lone pair of electrons can act as an acid or a base, depending on the specific
reaction. Compound exhibiting such property is called amphoteric.
• H2O acts as an acid -When water acts as an acid, it will donate proton to
the base.
• H2O acts as a base- When water acts as a base,
it will accept proton.
Water can also undergo self-ionization or auto-
ionization, the process occurs when water molecules
react with another molecule to form H3O+ and OH..
Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
• The Lewis definition of an acid states that it is a species that

has a vacant orbital and therefore, has the ability to accept an
electron pair.
• A Lewis base is a species that holds a lone pair of electrons
and can, therefore, act as an electron-pair donor.
• This theory does not involve the hydrogen atom in its
definition of acids and bases.
• Lewis acids are electrophilic in nature whereas Lewis Bases
possess nucleophilic qualities.
• A Lewis acid accepts an electron pair from a Lewis base,
forming a coordinate covalent bond in the process. The
resulting compound is referred to as a Lewis adduct.
• A notable advantage of this concept is that many compounds
can be defined as acids or bases by it. However, it offers little
insight into the strength of these acids and bases.
• One of the disadvantages of this theory is that it fails to
explain the acid-base reactions that do not involve the
formation of a coordinate covalent bond.
Properties of Acids:
1. Acids taste sour. (Lemons)

2. Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
3. Acidic solutions: pH <7
4. Acids can conduct electricity in solution.
5. Strong acids are strong electrolytes.
6. Weak acids are weak electrolytes
7. Acids react with active metals to produce
H2.
8. Arrhenius acids release H+ ions in solution.
9. Brownsted Lowry Acids are H+ donors.
10. Lewis Acids are e- pair acceptors.
Properties of Bases:
1. Bases taste bitter and feels slippery.

2. Bases turn red litmus paper blue.
3. Basic solutions: pH >7
4. Bases can conduct electricity in solution.
5. Strong bases are strong electrolytes.
6. Weak bases are weak electrolytes.
7. Arrhenius bases release OH- ions in
solution.
8. Brownsted Lowry Bases are H+
acceptors.
9. Lewis Bases are e- pair donors.
Experimentally, the value of ionization constant for
water, Kw, is 1.0x10-14. Upon ionization the
concentration of H3O+ and OH-is equal, therefore,
[H3O+] = [OH] = 1.0x10-7. When, [H3O+] =[OH],
the aqueous solution is said to be neutral. If,
[H3O+]>[OH], the solution is acidic and if, [H3O+]
<[OH] the solution is basic.
Since the [H3O+] and [OH] are usually very small,
Soren Sorensen in 1909, proposed a more practical way
of expressing acidity of solution. He called it pH of
solution and is defined as a scale used to specify the
acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is
determined by taking the negative logarithm of the
concentration of H3O+ or H+.
pH = -log [H+]
In addition, the pH of solution ranges from 1to 14. If the
pH value is below 7, the solution is acidic, if above 7, the
solution is basic, and if pH is equal to 7, the solution is
neutral (see Figure 1).
EXAMPLE:
1. The [H3O+] concentration in a solution is 4.0
x 10^-3 M.
(a) What is the pH of the solution?
(b) Calculate the pOH of the solution.
(c) What is the [OH-] ion concentration of this
solution?
EXAMPLE:
2. The [OH-] concentration in a solution is 5.3 x
10^-4 M.
(a) What is the pOH of the solution?
(b) Calculate the pH of the solution.
(c) What is the [H3O+] ion concentration of this
solution?
Evaluation/Post-test
A. Directions. Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your choice in your notebook.
1. Which of the following is a conjugate acid-base pair?
A. F and HCO3
C. HF and F
B. F and H2CO3
D. HF and H2CO3
2. Water is can act either as an acid or a base. Which of the following equation represents water
reacting as an acid
A. H₂O(l) + HCl(aq) H₂O*(aq) + Cr(aq)
B. H₂O(l) + HNO3(aq) — H₂O*(aq) + NO3(aq)
C. H₂O(l) + H2CO3(aq) HзO*(aq) + HCO3(aq)
D. H₂O(l) + CO₂ 2(aq) OH (aq) + HCO3(aq)
3. Substances that react with both acids and bases are called
A. amphoteric
B. conjugate acids
C. conjugate base
D. neutral
4. The product formed by loss of a proton from an acid is called.
A. Bronsted acid
B. Bronsted base
C. conjugate acid
D. conjugate base
5. The product formed by gain of a proton from an acid is called
A. Bronsted acid
C. conjugate acid
B. Bronsted base
D. conjugate base
6. The pH of rainwater is 5.82. The [H] is .
A. 6.61x10-
C. 1.51x10-
B.6.16x10-
D. 1.15 x10-4
7. The concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCI) solution, [H'], is 3.9x104M. What is the pH of
the solution?
A. 3.14
B. 3.41
C. 10.59
D. 10.95
8. A solution with a pH of 9.0
A. is acidic
C. is moderate
B. is basic D. is neutral
9. If a solution is neutral, which of the following must be true?
A. [H₂O+] = [OH-]
B. [H₂O+] > [OH]
C. [H₂O*] < [OH]
D. [H3O+] = [H₂O]
10. A solution with a pH of 5.0.
A. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 5.0 M
B. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 1 x 10-5 M
C. is basic
D. is neutral

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ACIDS AND

• The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines “an acid as a proton

• Finally, the Lewis definition of acids and bases describes

• Arrhenius acid-base theory proposed by Svante

• Bronsted-Lowry theory introduced by Johannes

• The Lewis definition of an acid states that it is a species that

1. Acids taste sour. (Lemons)

1. Bases taste bitter and feels slippery.

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