Report in Prof Ed 10 Chapter 5

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Chapter 5:

Typical and
Atypical
Development
among
Cainong, Glena Mae C.
Objectives

At the end of the chapter you will able to:

 Identify typical and atypical milestones in the various


stages of child development; and
 Differentiate typical and atypical development of children
in various stages of their development.
I. Child
Development and its
Importance
 To ensure that a child meets his/her
development milestones, it is crucial to
observe and monitor his/her development.
 It is done by checking the progress of a
child based on his or her age to see if the
child is developing within expectations.
II. Child
Development
Theories
During the early 20 century, interest in
th

child development began, specifically, that


which focused on detecting abnormalities.
Certain theories were discovered based on
this interest to appreciate the growth that
children experience from birth to
adolescence.
A. Psychosocial Development
theory of Erik Erikson
•This is an eight-stage theory that
describes the changes one goes
through in a lifetime. The main
focus of Erikson’s theory is the
conflicts or crises one experiences
through social interaction. Starting
from birth, each person is faced
with a conflict that needs to be
resolved since it has an impact on
the function of the succeeding
stage.
Psychosocial Stages: A Summary Chart
Age Conflict Important Events Outcome
Infancy (birth to 18 Trust vs. Mistrust  Feeding Hope
months)
Early Childhood (2 to 3 Autonomy vs. Shame and Toilet Training Will
years) Doubt
Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration Purpose

School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority School Confidence

Adolescence (12 to 18 Identity vs. Role Social Relationships Fidelity


years) Confusion
Young Adulthood (19 to Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships Love
40 years)

Middle Adulthood (40 to Generativity vs. Work and Parenthood Care


65 years) Stagnation

Maturity (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Life Wisdom


B. Cognitive
Development
Theory
This theory is of Jean
concerned with the
thought processes of a person and how
Piaget
they are used to understand and
interact with the environment. Piaget’s
theory focuses on children’s intellectual
development and has four stages.
A.Sensorimotor Stage – From birth to two
years old, a child’s knowledge is limited to his
or her use of the senses.
B.Preoperational Stage – From two to six years
old, a child learns through the use of
language. However, mental manipulation of
information does not take place yet.
C.Concrete Operational Stage – From 7 to 11
years old, a child begins to think logically and
have better understanding of mental
operations.
D.Formal Operational Stage – From 12 years
old to adulthood, a person has the ability to
think in abstract concepts.
C. Sociocultural
Theory of Lev
Vygotsky
This theory believes that children learn actively
through hands-on experience. Vygotsky
highlights the importance of other people such
as parents, caregivers, and peers in the
development of children. Culture plays an
integral role as well. Interaction with others
allows learning to be integrated in the child’s
understanding of the world.
D. Social Learning
Theory of Albert
Bandula
This theory believes that learning takes
place through observation and modeling.
As a child observes the actions of the
people in his or her environment, new
information is acquired and new skills are
developed.
Typical
Development
The normal progression where children
grow by acquiring knowledge, skills and
behaviors called development
milestones at a certain time frame.
Atypical
Development
Does not follow the normal course,
More so, a child is developing atypically
when he/she reaches a milestone
earlier or later than other children his/
her age.
There is no clear way to identify if a child is
developing typically or atypically. However,
there are three commonly accepted
principle od child development that one
should look into. The principle are as
follows:

1. Rate of development differs among


children.
2. Development occurs in a relatively
orderly process.
3. Development takes place gradually.
IV. Domains of
Development
The developmental milestones are categorized into four
domains namely, physical, social and emotional,
language, and cognitive.

The physical domain refers to the development of


physical changes such as size and strength. The
development occurs in both gross and fine motor skills.
A child’s experience, expression, and
management of emotions along with the ability
to establish positive relationships with others
refers to the social-emotional domain. This
includes both the intrapersonal and interpersonal
processes that take place in a child.

The language domain refers to the process of


acquiring language in a consistent order without
the need for explicit teaching from the
environment.

Construction of thought process which includes


remembering, problem solving, and decision
making refers to the cognitive domain.
V. Stages in child
Development
Stages, along with age are used as
ranges, growth and development occur
in the four domains mentioned above.

The stages are as follows:


a. Infancy (birth to 2 years)
b. Early Childhood (3 to 8 years)
c. Middle Childhood (9 to 11 years)
d. Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Infancy (birth to 2 years)

Is a critical stage in child development because growth is rapid.


Many believe that this stage is the most important stage in
one’s life since the changes that occur in infancy will affect the
later stages of development. This stage is also known as the
building block for the succeeding stages in the attaining of
crucial knowledge, skills and behaviors.
Domains Typical Atypical
Physical  Hold head without support  Does not hold head up
 Pushes legs down when feet are on flat surface  Does not put weight on legs
 Roll over  Cannot sit without support
 Sits without support  Does not walk steadily
 Crawls
 Walks
 Begins to run
Socio-emotional  Smiles at people  Does not smile
 Likes to play  Shows no affection
 Shy or afraid of strangers  Does not recognize familiar people
 Cries when caregiver leaves
 Copies others
 Shows independence
Language  Makes cooing and babbling sounds  Does not coo and babble
 Responds to own name  does not say a single word
 Makes different sounds  Does not speak in sentences
 Responds to simple requests
 Tries to say words
 Says sentences
Cognitive  Watches things as they move  Does not watch things as they move
 Uses eyes and hands together  Does not know what to do with common
 recognizes people at a distance objects
 Transfers object from one hand to another
 Explores things in various ways
 Uses things correctly (eats with spoon)
 Finds hidden things
Early Childhood (3 to 8
years)
Is a period of life with slow growth and rapid development.
Most psychologists label this stage as the exploratory and
questioning stage since the children enjoy discovering new
things in their surrounding. Interactions with family and the
people around them will help shape their development.
Domains Typical Atypical
Physical  Runs well  Falls down often
 Climbs easily  Needs help in physical
 Hops and stands on one foot activities
 Can use toilet on his/her own
Socio-emotional  Shows affection  Does not want to play with
 Takes turns in games others
 Cooperates with other children  Usually withdrawn
 Shows concern and sympathy
 Shows more independence
Language  Follows two to three step instructions  Has unclear speech
 Uses pronouns  Can’t tell stories articulately
 Tells and retell stories
 Speaks clearly
Cognitive  Plays make-believe  Does not play with simple
 Works with simple toys toys or make-believe
 Names color and numbers  Loses skills once had
 Draws a person
 Names letters
 Show development of mental skills
Middle Childhood (9 to
11 years)
Is a stage that brings various changes in a child’s life.
Independence is a characteristic that children in this
stage asserts. Developing friendships is another
milestone that is evident in this stage.
Domains Typical Atypical
Physical  Growth spurt may take place  Has limited mobility
 Becomes clumsy
 Increased in appetite
Socio-  Forms stronger friendships  Has difficulty making and
emotional  Becomes aware of body changes due keeping friends
to puberty
 Shows more concern about looks
 Make feels stressed about school work
Language  Continues to speak clearly  Has unclear speech
 Expresses one’s thought articulately  Can’t tell stories
articulately
Cognitive  Increased attention span  Experiences problems
 Sees the view of other people more with comprehension and
clearly attention
 Unable to keep up with
the school’s curriculum
Adolescence (12 to 18
years)
Is the period where puberty begins. By the end of this
stage, most will have completed puberty. The child is
now called a teen during this stage. The teens is
becoming more vocal about his/her opinions due to the
development of a unique personality.
Domains Typical Atypical
Physical Reaches adult weight and  limited mobility
height
Socio- Becomes interested in opposite Has limited peer
emotional sex conncetions
Begins conflict with parents May exhibit
Shows more independence from inappropriate
parents behavior in public
Language Continues to speak clearly Has unclear speech
Expresses one’s thought Can’t tell stories
articulately articulately
Cognitive Acquires and uses defined work Is below grade level
habits
Shows concern about the future
Thank you!

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