Theories and Principles
Theories and Principles
Theories and Principles
the pattern of arrangement of the bands experience is not difficulty but degree of
abstraction the amount of immediate sensory participation that is involved. A still
photograph of a tree is not more difficult to understand than a dramatization of
Hamlet. It is simply in itself a less concrete teaching material than the
dramatization...
In our teaching, then, we do not always begin with direct experience at the base of
the Cone. Rather, we begin with the kind of experience that is most appropriate to
the needs and abilities of particular learning situation. Then, of course, we vary
this experience with many other types of learning activities.
The Bands in Dale's Cone of Experience
Contrived experiences-
• It is in this category that representations
such as models, miniatures, or mockups
are used. There are things or events that
may be beyond the learners grasp and
so contrived experiences can provide a
substitute.
The Bands in Dale's Cone of Experience
Dramatized experiences-
• These are commonly used as activities that allows students
to actively participate in a reconstructed experience
through role- playing or dramatization. Demonstrations -
When one decides to show how things are done, a
demonstration is the most appropriate experience. It is an
actual execution of a procedure or a process. A
demonstration of how to bake a cake or how to execute the
dance step is an appropriate way of making the learning
experience meaningful.
The Bands in Dale's Cone of Experience
Study trips-
• These are actual visits to certain
locations to observe a situation or a
case which may not be available
inside the classroom.
The Bands in Dale's Cone of Experience
Exhibits-
• These are displays of models such as pictures,
artifacts, posters, among others that provide the
message or information. These are basically viewed,
however, there are currently exhibits that allow the
viewers to manipulate or interact with the display
and as a result, the exhibit becomes more engaging
and fun.
The Bands in Dale's Cone of Experience
Visual symbols-
• These are more abstract representations
of the concept or the information.
Examples of these are information
presented through a graph or a chart.
For example, a process can be presented
using a flow chart.
The Bands in Dale's Cone of Experience
Verbal symbols-
• This category appears to be the
most abstract because they may
not exactly look like the concept
or object, they represent but are
symbols, words, codes or
formulae.
Brunner’s Three-Tiered Model
1. Enactive-
a series of actions
2. Iconic-
a series of illustrations
or icons
3. Symbolic –
a series of symbols
Brunner’s Three-Tiered Model