Automotive Electronics - 2021-22 - Chapter-II
Automotive Electronics - 2021-22 - Chapter-II
Automotive Electronics - 2021-22 - Chapter-II
Communication Engineering
Automotive Electronics
CHAPTER-II
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN AUTOMOTIVE
APPLICATIONS AND AUTOMOTIVE
SAFETY SYSTEMS
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The second was a thrust to improve the national average fuel economy
by government regulation.
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Exhaust Emissions
The engine exhaust consists of the products of combustion of the air and
gasoline mixture.
During the combustion process, the carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen
from the air, releasing heat energy and forming various chemical compounds.
If the combustion were perfect, the exhaust gases would consist only of carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
The exhaust contains Carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (chemical unions
of nitrogen and oxygen that are denoted NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (HC),
oxides of sulfur, and other compounds.
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Fuel Economy
It is related to the number of miles that can be driven for each gallon of
gasoline consumed.
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All of these design parameters are fixed and are not subject to control while the
engine is operating.
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Variables
A variable is a quantity that changes or may be changed as the engine operates,
typically under the control of the electronic control system.
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Thermal Efficiency
Thermal efficiency expresses the mechanical energy that is delivered to the
vehicle relative to the energy content of the fuel.
Only 20% of the energy is being used to drive the wheels.
Calibration
The definition of engine calibration is the setting of the air/fuel ratio and
ignition timing for the engine.
Volumetric Efficiency
The variation in torque with RPM is strongly influenced by the volumetric
efficiency, or “breathing efficiency”.
Volumetric efficiency actually describes how well the engine functions as
an air pump, drawing air and fuel into the various cylinders.
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Torque
Engine torque is the twisting action produced on the crankshaft by the
cylinder pressure pushing on the piston during the power stroke.
The length of the lever (the lever arm) in the engine is determined by
the throw of the crankshaft.
The torque is expressed as the product of this force and the length of
the lever.
The units of torque are N·m (newton meters)
Engine Mapping
Engine mapping is a process by which measurements are made of
important engine variables while the engine is operated throughout its
speed and load ranges.
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Stoichiometric mixture
A relatively low air/fuel ratio, below 14.7 (corresponding to lambda < 1), is called a
rich mixture;
An air/fuel ratio above 14.7 (corresponding to lambda > 1) is called a lean mixture
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How ?
Here comes the stoichiometry ……
It says optimum combustion takes places when air/fuel ratio is 14.7:1
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conversion efficiency:
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Temperature in an engine
Emission control
Injection timing and quantity
Ignition timing
Knocking
Other functions of Engine control unit are
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Injection
system
Ignition
system
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ECU architecture
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Overall the tasks performed by the ECM in regards to ignition are as follows
5. Times the spark so that it occurs as the piston nears the TDC on the
compression stroke.
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The sensors that measure various engine variables for control are as
follows:
MAF Mass air flow sensor
CT Engine temperature as represented by coolant
temperature
HEGO (One or two) heated exhaust gas oxygen sensor(s)
POS/RPM Crankshaft angular position and RPM sensor cycle
Camshaft position sensor for determining start of each
engine cycle
TPS Throttle position sensor
DPS Differential pressure sensor (exhaust to intake) for EGR
control
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Then, for this ideal engine, the volume flow rate would be
where
Rv is the volume flow rate
D is the engine displacement
RPM is the engine speed
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Including EGR
Knowing Ra and the density da gives the mass flow rate of air Rm as follows:
Knowing Rm, the stoichiometric mass flow rate for the fuel, Rfm, can be
calculated as follows:
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The control system must determine the operating mode from the
existing sensor data and call the particular corresponding software
routine.
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Then, for this ideal engine, the volume flow rate would be
where
Rv is the volume flow rate
D is the engine displacement
RPM is the engine speed
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Including EGR
Knowing Ra and the density da gives the mass flow rate of air Rm as follows:
Knowing Rm, the stoichiometric mass flow rate for the fuel, Rfm, can be
calculated as follows:
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The control system must determine the operating mode from the
existing sensor data and call the particular corresponding software
routine.
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Engine Crank
The intake air/fuel ratio of anywhere from 2 : 1 to 12 : 1,depending on engine
temperature.
The correct air/fuel ratio (i.e., [A/F ]d) is selected from a ROM lookup table as a
function of coolant temperature.
At low temperatures, the fuel tends to form into large droplets in the air, which do
not burn as efficiently as tiny droplets.
During engine crank the primary issue is to achieve engine start as rapidly as
possible.
Once the engine is started the controller switches to an engine warm-up mode.
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Engine Warm-Up
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That quantity of fuel is given by the air charge divided by the desired air/fuel
ratio:
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Fuel quantity is computed using the known fuel injector delivery rate Rf :
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Open-Loop Control
For a warmed-up engine, the controller will operate in an open loop if the closed-
loop mode is not available for any reason.
The engine may be warmed sufficiently but the EGO sensor may not provide a
usable signal.
The base pulse width Tb is computed, except that the desired air/fuel ratio (A/F )d is
14.7
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Closed-Loop Control
In the closed-loop mode of operation, the signals from the EGO sensor are used by the
electronic controller to adjust the air/fuel ratio through the fuel metering actuator.
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A representative algorithm for fuel injector pulse duration for a given injector
during the nth computation cycle, T(n), is given by
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Acceleration Enrichment
The fuel control is adjusted to provide an enriched air/fuel ratio to
maximize engine torque and neglect fuel economy and emissions.
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Deceleration Leaning
During periods of light engine load and high RPM such as during coasting or
hard deceleration.
The engine operates with a very lean air/fuel ratio to reduce excess emissions
of HC and CO.
The fuel may even be turned off completely for very heavy deceleration.
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The control mode selection logic switches to idle speed control when the
throttle angle reaches its zero (completely closed) position and engine
RPM falls below a minimum value, and when the vehicle is stationary.
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Problem-I
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EGR CONTROL
A electronic engine control subsystem is the control of exhaust gas that
is recirculated back to the intake manifold.
The engine cylinder temperatures can reach more than 3,000°F under
normal operating conditions.
The higher the temperature, the more chance the exhaust will have
NOx emissions.
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EGR CONTROL
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The engine control system calculates spark advance from several variables,
including MAP and RPM.
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Parallel Hybrid
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The term longitudinal axis mean the axis that is parallel to the ground (vehicle at rest)
along the length of the car.
The lateral axis is orthogonal to the longitudinal axis and is also parallel to the ground
(vehicle at rest).
The vertical axis is orthogonal to both the longitudinal and lateral axes.
Rotations of the vehicle around these three axes correspond to angular
displacement of the car body in roll, yaw, and pitch.
•Roll refers to angular displacement about the longitudinal axis.
•Yaw refers to angular displacement about the vertical axis
•Pitch refers to angular displacement about the lateral axis.
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Problem Statement:
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ABS is a safety-related feature that assists the driver in deceleration of the vehicle in
poor or marginal braking conditions (e.g., wet or icy roads).
Panic braking by the driver (in non-ABS-equipped cars) results in reduced braking
effectiveness and, typically, loss of directional control due to the tendency of the
wheels to lock.
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History of ABS
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Anti-Lock Brakes
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ANTI-LOCK BRAKES
Major components of the anti-lock brake system consist of a
Brake control module,
Solenoid valve assembly,
Speed sensor's
Wiring, and the amber ABS brake warning light.
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and where RPM is the wheel revolutions per minute. When the wheel is rolling (no
applied brakes)
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the wheel slip if vehicle speed is matching with wheel speed?
School of Electronics and
wheel slip for Fl(Front left) and Fr(Front right), for which the wheel rpm is measured as 6000 rpm and 6400 rpm with wheel radius as 0.4m. when vehicle speed is
Communication Engineering
A rolling tire has slip S = 0, and a fully locked tire has S = 100%.
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ABS actuation
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Cruise control is a system that automatically controls the speed of a motor vehicle.
The system takes over the throttle of the car to maintain a steady speed as set by the
driver.
Without cruise control, long road trips would be more tiring, for the driver at least, and
those of us suffering from lead-foot syndrome
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•Possibility of collision with the leading car if not manually slowed down
Proposed Solution
Introduce Adaptive Cruise Control for longitudinal control of the vehicle
Once safe inter-distance is reached, the speed would return to the desired
speed set by the driver
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Why ACC?
•In each year 15000 traffic accident
•200 people are killed and 20000 people injured
•Cost HKSAR about 30 million dollars
Background
• First laser-based system – Toyota’s Progress, a compact luxury sedan, in
1998
• First radar-based system – Nissan’s Cima 41LV-2, a luxury sedan
• First American ACC model – Lexus’ LS 430, in 2000
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Types of ACC
• Radar-Based System
– Three overlapping radar-beams (76-77kHz)
-- Detects moving object up to 120 m
– work in poor weather conditions
• Laser-Based System (lidar)
– less expensive and easier to package
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Handling refers to how well the car body responds to dynamic vehicle motion
such as cornering or hard braking.
That is, the suspension system adapts to inputs to maintain the best possible ride
subject to handling constraints that are associated with safety.
The semi active suspension system is purely dissipative (i.e., power is absorbed by
the shock absorber under control of a microcontroller).
In this system, the shock absorber damping is regulated to absorb the power of
the wheel motion in accordance with the driving conditions.
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Good ride is achieved if the car’s body is isolated as much as possible from the
road.
A semi active suspension controls the shock absorber damping to achieve the
best possible ride.
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