SPRAWL

the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns,

seemingly without plan or design, into the natural and agricultural
settings that surround them.
 SUBURBAN SPRAWL
BROUGHT ABOUT
BY
▪ the industrial revolution
▪ early urban design movements
▪ the automobile

▪ Petroleum interest
 SUBURBAN SPRAWL
BROUGHT ABOUT
BY
▪ voracity of developers
▪ shortsightedness of civic officials
▪ mortgage systems

▪ the “American Dream”

Landscapes dominated by parking lots….
…and strip malls
…and strip malls
Cities, towns, districts, and
neighborhoods connected by a
maze of freeways
Disrupted districts
IT IS
CHARACTERIZED BY:
▪ Suburban developments at
the edge of freeways
▪ Low-density monotonous
suburban developments
IT IS
CHARACTERIZED BY:
▪ Suburban developments at
the edge of freeways
▪ Low-density monotonous
suburban developments
IT IS
CHARACTERIZED BY:
▪ The garage becomes the main
feature of suburban homes
SEGREGATION
▪ Pedestrian- vehicle
segregation
SUBURBAN
SPRAWL CREATES:
▪ an automobile dominated
landscape
▪ economic losses
▪ Environmental degradation
▪ A fractured social and cultural fabric
EMERGING THEORIES
PLANNED UNIT
DEVELOPMENTS
(PUDS)
descendant of the Barbican
Development
PLANNED UNIT
DEVELOPMENTS
(PUDS)
PUDs usually consists of a
variety of uses, anchored by
commercial establishments
and supported by office and
residential space
PLANNED UNIT
DEVELOPMENTS
(PUDS)
Planned unit
developments have a
comprehensive
development plan, with
more common than
private space.
PLANNED UNIT
DEVELOPMENTS
(PUDS)
A development project
that is owned and
maintained by an
association of property
owners (or by the
developer).
PLANNED UNIT
DEVELOPMENTS
(PUDS)
A development project
that is owned and
maintained by an
association of property
owners (or by the
developer).
PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENTS (PUDS)
PUDs are cluster zones; areas that are being intensively
developed where ordinary zoning regulations can be
suspended
EMERGING URBAN
DISTRICTS (EUDS)
New Urban Growth
Centers independent of
CBDs, with mixed uses,
and commonly anchored
by office parks like BPOs
or financial institutions
TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENTS
(TODS)
a mixed use community
with an average 600 -
700 meter distance of a
transit stop and
commercial core area.
TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENTS
(TODS)
TODs mix residential,
retail, office, open space,
and public uses in a
walkable environment,
making it convenient for
residents and employees
to travel by transit,
bicycle, foot, or car.
URBAN TODS
located directly on the
trunk line transit network:
at light rail, heavy rail, or
express bus stops. They
should be developed with
high commercial
intensities, job clusters,
and moderate to high
residential densities
NEIGHBORHOOD
TODS
on a local or feeder bus
line within 10 minutes
transit travel time (no
more than 3 miles) from a
trunk line transit stop.
They should place an
emphasis on moderate
density residential,
service, retail,
entertainment, civic, and
recreational uses.
TODS
TODS
STREETS and
CIRCULATION

The local street system

should be recognizable
and interconnected,
converging to transit
stops, core commercial
areas or open spaces
TODS
STREETS and
CIRCULATION

Streets must be pedestrian

friendly
A healthy walking
environment can succeed
without transit, but a
transit system can not
exist without pedestrians
TODS
DISTRIBUTION

TODs should be located

to maximize access to
core commercial areas.
TODs with major
competing retail centers
should be spaced a
minimum of 1 mile apart
and should be distributed
to serve different
neighborhoods.
TODS
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
LIGHT RAIL / RAPID
TRANSIT
The most efficient and
practical transit system

This can be above

ground, underground, or
along the surface, which
is most economical
TODS
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
EXPRESS BUS
TODS
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
EXPRESS BUS
TODS
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
HEAVY OCCUPANCY
VEHICLES (HOVs)
TRADITIONAL
NEIGHBORHOOD
DEVELOPMENTS
(TNDS)
A complete
neighborhood or town
using traditional town
planning principles.
TRADITIONAL
NEIGHBORHOOD
DEVELOPMENTS
(TNDS)
TNDs may occur in infill
settings and involve
adaptive reuse of existing
buildings, but often
involves all-new
construction on
previously undeveloped
land.
TRADITIONAL
NEIGHBORHOOD
DEVELOPMENTS
(TNDS)
To qualify as a TND, a
project should include a
range of housing types,
a network of well-
connected streets and
blocks, humane public
spaces, and have
amenities such as
stores, schools, and
places of worship within
walking distance of
residences.
NEW URBANISM
NEW URBANISM
Formed by the
CONGRESS for NEW
URBANISM (CNU)
Founders: Andres
Duany, Elizabeth Plater-
Zyberk, Peter
Calthorpe, Peter Katz,
Daniel Solomon, among
others
NEW URBANISM

“The Congress for the New Urbanism views disinvestment in

central cities, the spread of placeless sprawl, increasing
separation by race and income, environmental
deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and wilderness, and
the erosion of society's built heritage as one interrelated
community-building challenge”.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
Cities and towns should
be shaped by physically
defined and universally
accessible public
spaces and
community
institutions;
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
Urban places should be
framed by architecture and
landscape design that
celebrate local history,
climate, ecology, and
building practice.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
Infill development which
conserves environmental
resources, economic
investment, and the social
fabric, while reclaiming
marginal and abandoned
areas, should be
encouraged.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
Cities and towns should
bring into proximity a broad
spectrum of public and
private uses to support a
regional economy that
benefits people of all
incomes.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
Affordable housing should
be distributed throughout
the region to match job
opportunities and to avoid
concentrations of poverty.
these three are the
fundamental organizing
elements of New Urbanism
neighborhoods are
urbanized areas with a
balanced mix of human
activity
districts are areas
dominated by a single
activity
corridors are connectors
and separators of
neighborhoods and districts
the form of New Urbanism is
realized by the deliberate
assembly of streets, blocks,
and buildings
streets are not the dividing
lines within a city, but are to
be communal rooms and
passages
blocks are the field on which
unfolds both the building
fabric and the public realm of
the city
buildings are the smallest
increment of growth in the
city
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
The neighborhood has a
discernible center and/ or a
focal point

Most of the dwellings are

within a five-minute walk of
the center, an average of
roughly 600 to 700 meters
(2,000 feet)
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Within neighborhoods, a broad
range of housing types and
price levels can bring people of
diverse ages, races, and
incomes into daily interaction,
strengthening the personal and
civic bonds essential to an
authentic community.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
A mix of land uses should be
provided for energy efficiency
and practical convenience
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Interconnected
networks of streets
should be designed
to encourage
walking, reduce the
number and length
of automobile trips,
and conserve
energy.
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
A grid pattern
disperses traffic by
providing a variety
of pedestrian and
vehicular routes to
any destination
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Schools should be sized
and located to enable
children to walk or bicycle
to them.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
A range of parks, from
totlots and village greens to
ballfields and community
gardens, should be
distributed within
neighborhoods
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Streets and sidewalks
should be covered with rows
of trees and other
landscaping elements that
provide shade to pedestrians
and create an overall
pleasant environment

On-street parallel parking

should be encouraged
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Sidewalks should be wide,
at least 3.0 meters, and
free from dangerous
obstructions except for
landscaping elements and
street furniture that invite
pedestrians to sit.

Storefronts should be built

close to the sidewalk, with
wide window openings and
visible entrances that are
inviting to the pedestrian
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Buildings in the
neighborhood center are
placed close to the street,
creating a well-defined
“outdoor room”.

Prominent sites at the

termination of street vistas
or in the neighborhood
center are reserved for
civic buildings.
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Parking lots and garage
doors should not front the
street. Parking is relegated
to underground, to
multilevel structures, or to
the rear of buildings,
accessed by alleys.
PRINCIPLES OF NEW
URBANISM
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Where there are bays,
lakes, and rivers, build
facing the water
NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
The neighborhood is
organized to be self-
governing. A formal
association debates and
decides matters of
maintenance, security and
physical change.