NOUNS &

PRONOUNS
Team 2
Table of contents
Comparison in using Noun and
A Theory B Pronoun between leader’s speech
and social newspaper

01 Classification of nouns 01 Analysis

02 Grammatical category 02 Result

of nouns

03 Types of pronouns 03 Conclude

 01
Classification of nouns
1. Classification of nouns
= A word used TO NAME ...

•A person

(Ex: Trang, Selena, Kelly)

NOUNS
•A thing

(Ex: bed, house, bike, chair)

•An animal

(Ex: cat, bear, bird, tiger)

•An abstract concept

(Ex: war, peace, independence)

1. Classification of nouns

1.2 NOUN CLASSES

PROPER NOUNS COMMON NOUNS

1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.2 NOUN CLASSES

● Personal names
Ex: Donal Trump,...
● Geographical names
PROPER NOUNS
Ex: The Nile,...
Calendar items
Ex: Easter
● Name of institutions/
organizations
1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.2 NOUN CLASSES

COMMON
NOUNS

Count nouns Non-count nouns

Singular Plural Singular

Ex: car Ex: cars Ex: salt
1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUN
1.2 NOUN CLASSES

COMMON
NOUNS

Count nouns Non-count nouns

Singular Plural Singular

Ex: car Ex: cars Ex: salt
1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.2 NOUN CLASSES

COMMON
NOUNS

Count nouns Non-count nouns

Concrete Abstract
Ex: chair, desk Ex: beauty
1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.2 NOUN CLASSES

COMMON
NOUNS

Count nouns Non-count nouns

Concrete Abstract
Ex: cat Ex: peace
1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.3 QUANTIFIERS

Quantifier in the place of a determiner

Most children start school at the age of five.

We eat some bread and butter

We saw lots of birds

1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.3 QUANTIFIERS

Quantifiers with both count and non-count nouns

not any no some a lot of

plenty of more all lots of

I can't go out. I've got no money

There was a lot of food but no drinks

1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.3 QUANTIFIERS

Quantifiers can be used only with count nouns

(not) many each either (a) few

several both neither fewer

1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.3 QUANTIFIERS

Some quantifiers can be used only with non-count nouns

(not) much a bit of a little

Would you like a little wine?

Could I have a bit of butter, please?

1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.3 QUANTIFIERS

These quantifiers are used particularly with abstract nouns (such as

time, money and trouble)

a great deal of a good deal of

It will probably cost a great deal of money

He spent a good deal of time watching TV

1. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
1.3 QUANTIFIERS
 02
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY OF
NOUNS
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS

Number Case Gender

Ex: Teeth – Tooth Ex: Father-in-law

Ex: My sister's car
Box- Boxes She-wolf
A fall of 10%
Fish- Fish Desk
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS

2.1 NUMBER

Invariable
Variable Nouns that do not
Nouns that do vary vary
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.1 Number

2.1.1 Invariable nouns

Nouns that have the same singular and plural forms

The English number system comprises:

+Singular, which denotes "one"

+Plural, which denotes "more than one"

2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.1.1 Invariable nouns
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.1 Number

2.1.2 Variable nouns

The singular form and plural form of nouns are not the same
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.1.2 Variable nouns

Are Invariable nouns the same as Zero

plural nouns ?
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.1 Number
2.1.2 Variable nouns

Difference between Invariable nouns and Zero plural nouns

Ex: This music is too loud

Invariable nouns, which are
either singular or plural. Ex: All the cattle are grazing on the
field
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.1 Number
2.1.2 Variable nouns

Difference between Invariable nouns and Zero plural nouns

Ex: This sheep looks cute

Zero plural nouns can be both
singular and plural
Ex: All those sheep are mine
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS

2.2 Case nouns

“S” genitive With the nouns of higher gender class

Mostly for people and animals

Ex: Lana's father

2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS

2.2 Case nouns

“of” genitive With the nouns of lower gender class

Mostly for things

Ex: The head of the house

2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS

2.2 Case nouns

Double genitive “of” and “s” genitives used together

Ex: A friend of her sister’s

2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.2 Case nouns
2.2.1 -s genitive

Choice of –s genitive - (animate noun classes)

Personal names Higher animals

Ex: Ho Chi Minh's statue Ex: The cat's tail

Personal nouns Collective nouns

Ex: The girl’s presentation Ex: My father’s permission
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.2 Case nouns
2.2.1 -s genitive

Choice of –s genitive - (animate noun classes)

Nouns of special interest to

Temporal nouns
Ex: A week’s holiday human activity
Ex: Science’s influence

Collective nouns
Ex: The school’s history
Vietnam’s water supply
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.2 Case
2.2.2 “of” genitive

Choice of the “of” genitive

The "of' genitive is chiefly used with nouns that belong to the bottom part of the
gender scale: Inanimate nouns

(In some instances, -s genitive can also be acceptable, but not all of
them)

Ex: The windows of the houses

The houses's windows
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.2 Case
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS

2.3 GENDER

Animate Inanimate
Living people,
animals, and Things that are not
other organisms. alive
2. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF NOUNS
2.3 GENDER
 03
PRONOUN
03. Pronouns

3.1 Personal pronouns 3.6 Interrogative

3.2 Reflexive
3.7 Demonstrative

3.3 Reciprocal 3.8 Universal

3.4 Possessive 3.9 Partitive

3.5 Relative 3.10 Quantifying

03. Pronouns
3.2 Personal pronouns

3.1 Personal pronouns are substitutes for nouns in a

sentence to avoid its repetition.

Personal EX: Jennifer saw a cat at the shelter; she adopted it.

pronouns
03. Pronouns
3.1 Personal pronouns
Subjective
Objective
forms
forms

I, you, we, they, he, Me, you, us, them, him, her,
she, it it
As subjects of finite verbs and As objects and prepositional complements.
subject complements. Ex: I saw her with him yesterday on the main street.​
Ex: He hoped the passenger would In informal usage, they also occur as subject
be Mary and indeed it was she. complements and as the subject (chiefly 1st person)
of sentences whose predicates have been omitted
Ex: At least, I thought it was her.

A: Who broke the vase? B: Me

03. Pronouns
3.2 Reflexive pronouns

3.2 This type of pronoun reflects the main

subject of the sentence
Reflexive Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself​
pronouns
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves​
 03. Pronouns
3.2 Reflexive
The uses of reflexive pronouns
Use reflexive pronoun as
Use reflexive pronoun as
emphasize the subject of the
the object of the verb.
action.
Direct object:
EX: My mother herself did the
EX: He treats himself to a
gardening yesterday. = My
fine dinner
mother did the gardening
Indirect object:
yesterday herself.
EX: Mary makes a cup of
coffee for herself every
morning.

Use reflexive pronoun as the object of the preposition.

EX: Kids love looking at themselves in the mirror.
 03. Pronouns
3.2 Reflexive
Note when using reflexive pronouns

Use plural reflexive pronouns for Do not use reflexive pronouns after the
singular subjects preposition of position or the preposition
"with" when meaning "companion".

Ex: Every student is asked to briefly EX: My daughter can never go to sleep without her
introduce themselves on the first day of favorite teddy bear beside her.
the class. Ex: I have my older brother with me in the school
marathon.
03. Pronouns
3.3 Reciprocal pronouns

We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or

3.1
3.3 more subjects
Personal is acting
pronouns in the same
are substitutes way in
for nouns towards
a the
sentence to avoid its repetition.
other.
Personal
Reciprocal EX:AJennifer
Ex: and B saw a cat at the
are talking shelter;
to each she adopted it.
other
pronouns
pronouns There are only two reciprocal pronouns:

each other, one another

03. Pronouns
3.3 Reciprocal pronouns
When we use these reciprocal pronouns:

There must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we

cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it)

EX: They can't see each other

Theymust
They mustdoing
be doing the same
the same thing
thing

EX: The ten prisoners were all blaming one another.

03. Pronouns
3.4 Possessive pronouns

A possessive pronoun is a form of pronoun used to

3.4 show ownership or possession of a noun.

EX: Rose was so jealous that Lisa’s dress was

Possessive prettier than hers.

pronouns Possessive Adjective: Followed by a noun. EX:

This is my bag.

Possessive Pronoun: Substitute for a noun.

EX:This bag is mine..
03. Pronouns
3.4 Reciprocal pronouns

The main function of possessive pronouns is to replace nouns and

noun phrases that have been mentioned before to avoid
repetition.

A possessive pronoun replaces a ‘possessive adjective + noun’

to avoid repeating information that is already clear
Ex: This book is my book, not your
book.
=>This book is mine, not yours.
03. Pronouns
3.5 Relative pronouns

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that

3.5 introduces a relative clause.

It is called a "relative" pronoun because it

Relative "relates" to the word that its relative clause
modifies (who, whom, whose, which, that,
pronouns etc)

EX: The person who phoned me last night is

my teacher
03. Pronouns
3.5 Relative pronouns
Ex 1: The man who/that lent me the book​
For people The man whose book I borrowed
who, that, whose,
whom The man from whom I borrowed the book (very formal)​

The man whom i borrowed the book from (formal)​

For objects
EX2: The book which/that I borrowed​
which, that, whose
The book whose title is 'Peace'​

For places, times and EX3: The library where we met (informal)​
reason
=> The library at which we met (formal)​
where, when, why, that ​
 03. Pronouns
3.5 Relative pronouns
Can we drop the relative pronoun?
Can Cannot
In formal written
English who , whom, that, which who , whom, that, which
can drop if the information is related when it is related to the subject​
It is best not to drop.​
to the object of the sentence EX: The book which/that is called 'Peace' => X
EX: The man who/whom I borrowed
In informal and the book from. whom, which
=> The man I borrowed the book when it is next to the preposition
spoken English from​ EX: The man from whom I borrowed the
when, why book => X​
common to drop but not Ex: The day when/that I met him​=
always possible.​ The day I met him whose, where
Ex: The man whose book I borrowed
=> X
 03. Pronouns
3.5 Relative pronouns
what, how: are NOT relative pronouns

what = the thing which

how = the manner in which

Ex: What I read in the book surprised me​

= The thing which I read in the book surprised me

Ex: I still remember how we met​

= I still remember the manner in which we met

03. Pronouns
3.5 Relative pronouns
Exercise

1. She is the woman, ….X…. sit next to me in class

A.Who/That B. 0 C. . Who D. That

2, Bob is the kind of person to ….X…. one can talk about

anything

A. Who B. That C. Whom D. him

03. Pronouns
3.5 Relative pronouns
Exercise
3. Hunger and poverty are worldwide problems to ….X….
solution must be found

A. 0 B. Which C. Whom D. whose

4. He is the person ….X…. friends can trust him

A. Who B. his C. . which D. Whose

03. Pronouns
3.6 Interrogative pronouns

3.6 An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun

which is used to make asking questions.
Interrogative There are five interrogative pronouns: ​
pronouns who, whom, whose, which, what
 03. Pronouns
3.6 Interrogative pronouns
Which
Used to ask questions about people or
Whom
Used to ask questions about
objects. people
EX: Which of these ladies is your EX: Whom did you speak to?
mother?

What
Used to ask questions about
Who Whose
Used to ask questions about people. Used to ask questions about
people or objects.
EX: Who was driving the car? people or objects, always related
EX: What do you want for
to possession.
dinner?
Ex: Whose phone is that?
 03. Pronouns
3.6 Interrogative pronouns
The difference between interrogative pronouns and
interrogative determiners

Use 'what/which/whose' alone Use a noun after 'what/which/whose'

=> interrogative pronouns​ => interrogative determiners

EX: What sports does Huy like?
Ex: What/Which is your favorite color?
Which house does Linh like?
Whose are these shoes?​​
Whose bike was stolen?
 03. Pronouns
3.6 Interrogative pronouns
Exercise 62 (Workbook) What, which, who, whom or whose
If you had to live alone on a desert island, ….X…. would you take
What with you?

Which ….X…. of Shakespeare’s plays have you read?

Who ….X…. was it that said, “to be, or not to be”?

 03. Pronouns
3.6 Interrogative pronouns
Exercise 62 (Workbook) What, which, who, whom or whose

Whose If that is not your essay, then ….X…. is it?

(1) Whom To ….X…. and to ….X…. department should my application be

(2) Which submitted?

Which If you had to choose between a flute and a violin, ….X….

instrument would you prefer?
03. Pronouns
3.7 Demonstrative pronouns

3.7 A demonstrative pronoun represents

a thing or things:
Demonstrative
Near in distance or time (this, these)
pronouns
Far in distance or time (that, those)
03. Pronouns
3.7 Demonstrative pronouns
● Singular: this, that => to indicate an object or
person

Ex: Have you seen this?​

Look at that!

● Plural: these, those => to indicate objects or

people​

Ex: These look perfect!​

Those were beautiful flowers!

03. Pronouns
3.7 Demonstrative pronouns

About 'time': the current period of time or the

moment of conversation
EX: This is a bad time.​
These are bad times.

About 'time': a point in time in the past​

EX: Do you remember that spring we all went
to Florida?
Those were the days
 03. Pronouns
3.7 Demonstrative pronouns
Differences between demonstrative pronouns and
demonstrative adjectives

The demonstrative pronoun replaces the The demonstrative adjective modifies a

noun - a specific person or thing that has noun => know which specific person,
been previously mentioned object or place is mentioned in a
sentence
Ex: I want this. Ex: That cake was delicious.n?
03. Pronouns
3.8 Universal pronouns

3.8
Universal pronouns are any pronouns
Universal that are all-encompassing, such as all,
pronouns each, and every– followed by a word like
–thing or –body.
03. Pronouns
3.8 Universal pronouns

All Every Each

The entire amount of All parts in a group The individual members

something​- Minimum of Every + singular noun of a group as separate
3 things​ Ex: Every house on the street items (one by one)
All + plural noun looks the same.​
Ex: All houses need to 'Every' can be used for how Each + singular noun
have a roof. often something happens
Every + number + plural noun Ex: Each house on the
“All” can also be used to
Ex: I take a break every two street has a different
make a generalization:
hours. number.
Ex: All elephants are slow.
03. Pronouns
3.8 Universal pronouns
Note when using universal pronouns
Cannot use 'each' with the words Ex: Almost each car pollutes the
'almost' or 'nearly' => use 'every'​ environment. => X

=> Almost every car pollutes the

environment.

Use 'all' with uncountable nouns, not Ex: I like all music. (not 'every music')​
'every' Place all luggage on the scales. (not 'every
luggage')​
03. Pronouns
3.9 Partitive pronouns

Refer to people/things without saying exactly who or

3.9 what they are.​

Assertive: someone, somebody, something, some​

Partitive
Non-assertive: anyone, anybody, anything, either,
pronouns any​

Negative: no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither,

none
03. Pronouns
3.9 Partitive pronouns
Assertive Non-assertive Negative
use in positive use in negative
use in positive
sentences and in sentences, general
sentences but negative
questions in which a questions and meanings and we never
request or some conditional sentences. use the second negation
suggestion is expressed​. Ex: If anybody comes, in these sentences
Ex: There is somebody in please say that I'm busy ​Ex: Nothing happened.
the garage.​ Do you have anything to
Would you like drink?
something to drink?
03. Pronouns
3.9 Partitive pronouns
Neither/either is used when having two things/people to talk about.
One of the two.
Either Ex: Jim asked me if I wanted tea or coffee and I told him
either would be fine.

None of the two

Neither Ex: I wanted to see my friends and go to the park, but neither
seemed interesting to me

Neither/ either + of + plural noun/pronoun + singular/plural

verb​
Ex: Neither of my parents speaks/‌speak a foreign language.​
=> Using a plural verb is more informal
03. Pronouns
3.9 Partitive pronouns
Use partitive pronoun + else to refer to other people/things in addition to the
people/things already mentioned:

Ex: You should ask somebody else.​

Use partitive pronoun + 's to get a possessive:​

Ex: Is this anybody's hat?

Difference between the partitive pronouns ending 'one' and 'body': In general, the
pronouns ending in 'one' are a little more formal => use them in writing
Ex: Everyone liked her. = Everybody liked her.​=> 'Everyone' is more formal​
03. Pronouns
3.10 Quantifying pronouns

3.10 Quantifier pronoun is used to talk about

the quantity of something which can be
Quantifying countable or uncountable.
pronouns
‘One’ - Cardinals and ordinals: ​
03. Pronouns
3.10 Quantifying pronouns
The uses of ‘one’:​
'one' as the subject means 'people in general'​
Ex: One can always count on this place to serve great
food.
'one' as the object: need a transitive verb followed by 'one' as its
object​
Ex: Exercising too hard can make one get muscle cramps.

Use to replace a noun you used before

Singular noun => use 'one'​ Plural noun => use 'ones'​
Ex: A: Yes, I'd like a drink, but just a small one.​
B: I thought you preferred large ones.​
03. Pronouns
3.10 Quantifying pronouns
Cardinals and ordinals: ​

Cardinals Ordinals
Cardinal numerals: one, two, three, etc Ordinal numerals: first, second, third, etc.

Ex: She has two cats. The first is so fat.​

 04
Comparison in using Noun and Pronoun
between leader’s speech and social
newspaper
4. Comparison in using Noun and Pronoun between
leader’s speech and social newspaper
4.1 Comparison in using Noun
4. Comparison in using Noun and Pronoun between
leader’s speech and social newspaper
4.1 Comparison in using Noun
The numbers of nouns
Total Common Proper
Noun Noun

in Obama's 931 nouns

speech 100% 90% 10%

in Online 66% 33%

Society field 250
Newspaper nouns
4. Comparison in using Noun and Pronoun between
leader’s speech and social newspaper
4.2 Comparison in using Pronoun
4. Comparison in using Noun and Pronoun between
leader’s speech and social newspaper
4.2 Comparison in using Pronoun
4. Comparison in using Noun and Pronoun between
leader’s speech and social newspaper
4.2 Comparison in using Pronoun
The numbers of pronouns
Total Most used Used at least

in Obama's 137 pronouns Personal • Partitive pronouns

speec 100% pronouns •Reflexive pronoun
53.28% •Reciprocal pronoun
h 0.73%

in Online 20 pronouns Quantifying •Possessive pronouns

Society field 100% pronouns •Reciprocal pronouns
Newspaper 75% 5%
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!