Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
Diastolic BP
Is the minimum B.P. at the end of ventricular
diastole = 80 mmHg, in a young person at
rest.
Pulse pressure
Is the difference between systolic and
diastolic BP
Mean BP
If BP = 120/90 mmHg.
The mean BP = 90 + 120 – 90
3
= 90 + 10 = 100 mmHg.
• Blood viscosity.
• Blood volume.
Arterial BP = CO X TPR
Factors affecting diameter of arterioles
(resistance)
• Vasodilator agents:
– Adenosine
– Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- ↑ potassium or Hydrogen ions.
- ↓ Oxygen or ↑ CO2
– Histamine
– Nitric oxide and lactic acid
– Prostacyclin
• Vasoconstrictor agents:
– Noradrenaline
– Sympathomimetic drugs.
– Vasopressin (ADH)
– Angiotensin II
– Endothelin-1
Blood viscosity: Hematocrit
Effect of hematocrit on blood viscosity. Above-normal hematocrits produce a
sharp increase in viscosity. Because increased viscosity raises vascular
resistance, hemoglobin and oxygen delivery may fall when the hematocrit rises
above the normal range.
Blood Viscosity
Hypoalbumenimia:
Burns.
Malnutrition
REGULATION OF ARTERIAL
BLOOD PRESSURE
By By By By Local
Vasomotor Regulation Vasocons- Vasocons-
Center and of ECF -trictor and -trictors and
Impulses Volume and Vasodilator Vasodilators
from renin – Hormones
Periphery angiotensin
mechanism
Effect of Blood Volume
Q = blood flow.
ΔP = the pressure difference between the
two ends of the vessel.
R = Resistance.
R ~ 1 / ᷊4
The influence of tube length and
radius on flow. Because flow is
determined by the fourth power of
the radius, small changes in radius
have a much greater effect than small
changes in length. Furthermore,
changes in blood vessel length do
not occur over short periods of time
and are not involved in the
physiological control of blood flow.
Turbulent flow :
High flow rate in all directions (Mixing) → increase
resistance & slow flow rate.
1- The baroreceptors:
Stretch receptors in large systemic arteries
(particularly the carotid artery and aorta).
Stimulation
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Renin
Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I
Converting enzyme
Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction
Stress-relaxation of the vasculature
Importance
It takes a few hours to show significant response
for these mechanisms.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Renal Urinary Output Curve
Atrial baroreceptors (low pressure receptors)