States of Matter Theory - CSH

Structure and Bonding
Lesson 1 -States of
Matter
New Topic - Structure and Bonding -
States of Matter
 Starter - Activating Prior Knowledge
1. How are particles arranged in a solid?
2. Describe the process of:

 a) melting
 b) boiling
Challenge: What energy transfers may be taking place as a solid turns into a liquid?
New Topic - Structure and Bonding -
States of Matter
 We are learning to describe the properties of a solid, liquid and a gas and explain
how energy is transferred as a substance changes state.
 Aims:
 Predict the states of substances at different temperatures given appropriate data

 Explain the different temperatures at which changes of state occur in terms of
energy transfers and types of bonding
 Explain the limitations of the particle model
Card Sort - Lets see what else you
remember from KS3
Self Assess:
Liquids Gases Solids
 Can you sort the cards into three piles.
 One pile to describe solids
 One pile to describe liquids
 One pile to describe gases

Lets learn new knowledge - 1
 Task: Watch the video and answer the following questions:
1. Describe what happens to the particles of a material when it is heated

2. Which changes of state are the following terms referring to:
a) Freezing ~
b) Melting ~
c) Evaporating ~
d) Condensing ~
3. What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?
4. What is the name of the term used to describe when a solid turns straight into a gas?
5. What is the name of the term used to describe when a gas turns straight into a solid?
Self Assessment
1. When a material is heated, the particles absorb the heat energy. This additional energy can cause attractive forces
between molecule to break, leading to the rearrangement of particles
2. a) Freezing ~ Liquid to a solid

 b) Melting ~ Solid to a liquid
 c) Evaporating ~ Liquid to a gas
 d) Condensing ~ Gas to a liquid
3. Boiling is the process by which a liquid is heated, all of the particles have enough energy to become gaseous.
Evaporation is when only the particles at the surface of the liquid (which is not being heated) have enough energy to
turn from a liquid to a gas.
4. A solid turning straight into a gas, without passing through the liquid phase, is called sublimation.
5. A gas turning straight into a solid, without passing through the liquid phase, is called deposition.
Learning Checkpoint: For any substance undergoing a change of state, it’s temperature stays
the same whilst the change of state is taking place.
• The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is

called the…a) Melting point
• The temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas is
called the…b) Boiling point
• The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is
called its…c) Freezing point
Challenge: Which two temperatures will always be

the same?
Think Pair Share - The temperature stops rising at the solids melting point.
It remains constant until the solid has completely melted. Discuss in pairs
why you think this might happen?
Model Answer:
• At its melting point, sufficient energy is being

transferred from the surroundings to the solid.
• This energy is used to break the forces between
the particles of the solid, this enables the particles
to break away from their fixed position, thus
starting the melting process.
• Once all of the particles are free to move the solid
has completely melted, the transfer of energy from
the surroundings now causes the temperature of
the liquid to rise.
Application Task:
Task: A pure solid substance X was heated in a tube and its temperature was measured every
30 seconds. The measurements are given in the table below:
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

Temperature in ˚C 20 35 49 61 71 79 79 79 79 86 92
a) Use the measurements in the table to plot a graph of temperature (y-axis) against time (x-
axis)
b) Use your graph to find the melting point of X
c) Describe the physical state of the substance as it was heated from 60˚C to 90˚C
Challenge: A substance has a melting point of 75 ˚C. Describe how the arrangement and motion of the particles
changes as the substance cools from 80 ˚C to 70 ˚C
Self Assess
 b) Melting point of substance X is 79 ⁰C
 c) As the substances was heated from 60 ⁰C the particles of the solid were gaining energy and
beginning to vibrate quite violently. At 79 ⁰C the solid begins to melt, the heat energy being
transferred to the substance was being used to break forces between the solid particles. Eventually
all of the particles were free to move as the substance has completely melted into a liquid, the
energy transferred from the surroundings now causes the temperature of the liquid to rise.
Plenary - Lets think about this in real life
 Peer discussion - Why do you think salt is added to a pan of water you want to
boil? Or salt is added to roads or paths to stop them from freezing over?
Impurities in a substance can affect the melting

point and boiling point of that substance, for
example the melting point of water is lowered if you
add salt to the water.

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Structure and Bonding

1. How are particles arranged in a solid?

2. Describe the process of:

 Predict the states of substances at different temperatures given appropriate data

 One pile to describe solids

 One pile to describe liquids

 One pile to describe gases

1. Describe what happens to the particles of a material when it is heated

2. a) Freezing ~ Liquid to a solid

• The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is

Challenge: Which two temperatures will always be

• At its melting point, sufficient energy is being

Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

 b) Melting point of substance X is 79 ⁰C

Impurities in a substance can affect the melting

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