How Society Is Formed

Social Groups
and
Social
Organizations
Social Group
 Unit of interacting personalities with

interdependence of roles and statuses existing
between and among themselves.
 Collection of people where members interact

on a regular basis, guided by structure and
agreements, defined by roles and
responsibilities.
Social Organization
 Type of collectivity established for the pursuit

of specific aims or goals.
 Characterized by a formal structure of rules,

authority relations, a division of labor and
limited membership or admission.
Other Collections not considered as Social
Groups
 Social Aggregates - a set of people who are in one

area.
example : People who are riding in a bus.
 Social Category- a set of people who share
common characteristics.
example : MET students in TUP.
Characteristics of Social Group
 Group members interact on a fairly regular

basis through communication.
 Members should develop a structure where
each member assumes a specific status and
adopts a particular role.
 Certain orderly procedures and values are
agreed upon.
 The members of the group feel a sense of
identity.
Types of Social groups
According to Social Ties
Primary Group
• It is the most fundamental unit of human society.
• A long-lasting group
• Characterized by strong ties of love and affection.
• Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here.
Examples:
Families, Gangs, Cliques, Play Groups, Friendship Groups
Secondary Groups
 Groups with which the individual comes in contact

later in life.
 Characterized by impersonal, business-like,
contractual, formal and casual relationship.
 Usually Large in size, not very enduring and limited
relationships.
 People needed other people for the satisfaction of
their complex needs.
Examples:
Industrial Workers; business associates, Faculty Staff,
Company Employees
According to Self-Identification
 IN-GROUP
▪ a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which
they identify.
 OUT-GROUP
▪ a social unit to which individuals do not belong due to
differences in social categories and with which they do not
identify.
 REFERENCE/PSYCHOLGICAL GROUP
▪ groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer when we
evaluate our life situations and behavior but to which we do not
necessarily belong.
▪ It serve a comparison function
▪ It has a normative function
According to Purpose
 Special Interest Groups

▪ groups which are organized to meet the special interest
of the members.
 Task Group
▪ groups assigned to accomplish jobs which cannot be
done by one person.
 Influence or Pressure Groups

▪ groups organized to support or influence social actions.
According to geographical location and
degree or quality of relationship
 Gemeinschaft
 A social system in which most relationships are personal or
traditional.
 It is a community of intimate, private and exclusive living and
familism.
 Culture is homogeneous and tradition-bound.
 Gesselschaft
 A social system in which most relationships are impersonal,
formal, contractual or bargain-like.
 Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary and
rationalized
 Culture is heterogeneous and more advanced.
According to Form of Organization
 Formal Groups
 Social organization
 Deliberately formed and their purpose and objectives are explicitly defined.
 Their goals are clearly stated and the division of labor is based on member’s ability
or merit
Bureaucracy
an administrative structure w/c is aimed to enable
members meet their goals.
A hierarchical arrangement in large scale formal
organizations in w/c parts are ordered in the manner of
a pyramid based on a division of function and authority.
Formal, rationally organized social structure
Characteristics Of Bureaucracy
 Positions and offices are clearly defined

 The hierarchical arrangement of authority, rights
and obligations is specifically drawn and clear-cut
 The personnel are selected on the basis of technical
or professional qualification and expert training
and competence through competitive examination
 Definite rules govern official behavior
 Security of tenure and the pursuit of a career with
promotion in the hierarchy are assured
Informal Groups
 Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons.

 It is unplanned
 Has no explicit rules for membership and does not have specific
objectives to be attained.
 It has the characteristics of primary groups and members are bound by
emotion and sentiments.
Relationship Groups
 Groups organized to fulfill the feeling of companionship.
Elements of Effective Group
Functioning
 Democratic or “participate” leadership is employed.

 Flexible patterns of communication are used.
 A cooperative problem-solving approach to discussion is
employed rather than a competitive “win-lose” approach.
 Members deal openly and candidly with one another.
 Decision techniques which favor a sharing of responsibility via
protection of the individual rights are used rather than
techniques which place the responsibility clearly in the hands of
but a portion of a group.
Factors or Forces Affecting Group
Dynamics
Group Size
Type of Group Goals
Motivational base shared by individuals
The kind of group cohesion
Social Conformity
Group decision-making
• Orientation
• Evaluation
• Reaching a decision
• Restoring equilibrium
Leadership
LEADERSHIP,
QUALITIES OF A LEADER,
Leadership
▪ The process of influencing the activities of

individuals in a group towards the attainment of
group goals in a given situation.
▪ It implies the existence of particular influence

relationship between two or more persons.
QUALITIES OF A LEADER
They have traits such as

• Intelligence
• Dominance
• Charisma
• Enthusiasm
• Courage
• Determination
• Self-confidence
• High sense of integrity
• Tact
• Diplomacy
• Involvement
Function of Groups
Defining Boundaries
Choosing Leaders
Making Decisions
Setting Goals
Assigning Tasks
Controlling Members Behavior
Defining Boundaries
Defining boundaries– To
identify who are members
of a group, some sort of
devices must be used to
mark the boundaries.
Choosing Leader
Choosing Leaders– Groups by
nature must resolve the issue of
leadership. A leader according to
Tischler is someone who occupies
central role or position of
dominance and influence in a group.
INSTRUMENTAL LEADERSHIP
EXPRESSIVE LEADERSHIP
MAKING DECISION
 Making Decision-- among foraging

societies, making decisions are made by
involving everyone else in the
community. Among modern societies,
avoid wasting precious time and energy,
group use the less participative but
popularly known voting o determine the
decision of the group.
Setting Goals
Setting Goals– All groups must have

a goals. A goal maybe too general,
such as protecting the environment
or too narrow like getting to the
beach resort. Goals change
overtime depending on the
challenges faced by the group.
Assigning tasks
Assigning task– Goals, decision

making, leadership are all
important functions of groups
but these are of no significance
unless tasks are assigned to each
member to perform.
Controlling members behavior
Controlling members behavior–

group members behavior must be
controlled for the group to
continuously. This is the reason
why deviant behaviors of members
of the group are considered
dangerous and threatening.

How Society Is Formed

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How Society Is Formed

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Social Groups

 Unit of interacting personalities with

 Collection of people where members interact

 Type of collectivity established for the pursuit

 Characterized by a formal structure of rules,

 Social Aggregates - a set of people who are in one

 Group members interact on a fairly regular

• Characterized by strong ties of love and affection.

• Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here.

 Groups with which the individual comes in contact

 Special Interest Groups

 Influence or Pressure Groups

 Positions and offices are clearly defined

 Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons.

 Democratic or “participate” leadership is employed.

Type of Group Goals

Motivational base shared by individuals

The kind of group cohesion

▪ The process of influencing the activities of

▪ It implies the existence of particular influence

They have traits such as

 Making Decision-- among foraging

Setting Goals– All groups must have

Assigning task– Goals, decision

Controlling members behavior–

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