Section 2.

5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Eugene Goldstein
Democritus (460-370 B.C) John Dalton (1766-1844)
(1850-1930) JJ Thomson (1856-1940)
Honors Chemistry – PowerPoint 5 History of the atomic model.

(There will not be a daily quiz covering this content.)

Erwin Schroedinger Earnest James Chadwick Robert A. Millikan

(1887-1961) Rutherford (1871- (1871-1974) (1868-1953)

1937) Return to TOC

 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Early History of Chemistry

 Greeks were the first to attempt to explain why
chemical changes occur.
 Alchemy dominated for 2000 years.
 Several elements discovered.
 Mineral acids prepared.
 One goal was to convert metals to gold
Democritus
 He hypothesized that matter is made of atoma (indivisible
units).
 That was how we got the idea of the atom.
 He did not do any experiments
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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Early History of Chemistry

 Robert Boyle was the first real “chemist”.

 Performed quantitative experiments
 Pioneer of the scientific method
 Best known for Boyles law which describes the inverse
relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas when
the temperature is kept constant.

Robert Boyle

(1627–91)
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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Three Important Laws

 Law of conservation of mass (Lavoisier):
 Mass is neither created nor destroyed.

 Law of definite proportion (Proust):

 A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion
of elements by mass.

 Law of multiple proportions (Dalton):

 When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the
masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the
first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

John Dalton
 Background-
 (1766-1844)
 British
 Belonged to The Royal Society
 Is said to one of the top 50 most influential persons in history.
 Experiment-
 Measured Atomic Weight, and came up with The Atomic
Theory.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

 Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
 The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of
different elements are different in some fundamental way or
ways.
 Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different
elements combine with each other. A given compound
always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.
 Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms—
changes in the way they are bound together.
 The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical
reaction.
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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Concept Check

Which of the following statements regarding Dalton’s

atomic theory are still believed to be true?

I. Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms.

II. All atoms of a given element are identical.
III. A given compound always has the same relative
numbers and types of atoms.
IV. Atoms are indestructible.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Gay-Lussac and Avogadro (1809—1811)

 Gay—Lussac
 Measured (under same conditions of T and
P) the volumes of gases that reacted with
each other.

 Avogadro’s Hypothesis
 At the same T and P, equal volumes of
different gases contain the same number of
particles.

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Diagrams representing Gay—Lussac’s Results

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

JJ Thomson
 Background-
 (1856-1940)
 Fellow of the Royal Society
 Order of Merit (bestowed by the monarch)
 Knighted {1908}
 Royal Medal {1894}
 Hughes Medal {1902}
 Nobel Prize in Physics {1906}

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Section 2.5
The
JJ’sModern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Experiments

 Experiment 1 – Using a cathode ray tube, he wanted to

test if the rays were charged particles by seeing if they
could be deflected by and electrical field.
 Success!
 Because he concealed the rays in a vacuum, the
experiment worked.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

JJ’s Experiments
 In this experiment, Thomson measured the Mass-to-
charge ratio of the rays by how much they were deflected
by a magnetic field.
 He found that the ratio was over 1000x lower than a H+
ion. That means the ray is either very light or highly
charged.

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

J. J. Thomson – summary of findings

 Postulated the existence of electrons using cathode-

ray tubes.
 Determined the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron.
 The atom must also contain positive particles that
balance exactly the negative charge carried by
particles that we now call electrons.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

 Thomson’s experiments with cathode rays later lead to his

discovery of Isotopes and Electrons.
 He also published a model of what he thought the atom to
look like called the Plum Pudding Model.

This Model was Later proven to

be incorrect by Earnest

Rutheford.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Robert A. Millikan
 Background-
 (1868-1953)
 Born in Morrison Illinois
 Attended Oberlin College
 Won The Nobel Prize in Physics in
1923
 Was The President of Caltech 1921-
1945

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The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

 Robert A. Millikan
He Measured the charge of electrons in his oil drop experiment
in 1909.
 They balanced the gravitational and electric forces of tiny,
charged droplets of oil suspended between 2 electrodes.
 Knowing the electric field, the charge on the oil droplet could
be determined.
 After repeating the experiment, they found that the values
measured were always multiples of the same number.
 They found the charge of a single electron to be 1.602x10^-
19C.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Millikan Oil Drop Experiment –

2 Points to his theory
All electrons have the same mass
About 1/2000 atomic mass unit
All electrons have the same charge
-1.6 x 10 -19 Coulomb
The atom was still thought to resemble Plum Pudding

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Eugene Goldstein
 Background-
 German Physicist
 Studied in Berlin under Herman Helmholtz
 Discovered Anode Rays.
 Experiment-
 He Experimented with Cathode Rays.
 He Said That Atoms contain + charged particles called Protons.
 If Atoms have (-) charge they must have a (+) charge also.
 The atom was still thought to resemble Plum pudding

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Sir Earnest Rutherford
 Background-
 (1871-1937)
 Born In New Zealand
 Nobel prize in chemistry {1908}
 Knighted {1914}
 Rutherfordium(Rf) was named after
him.
 Experiment-
 He shot alpha particles at gold foil.
 He Noticed some went right through, and others
came out at an angel or bounced directly back.
 He Hypothesized that the foil( and matter in
general) had small holes in it.

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The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Sir Earnest Rutherford

His studies with alpha particles allowed him to make a modern
model of the atom.
3 Points to his theory
1.Most alpha particle went through = Atom is mostly empty space (area of
electrons)
2.Some alpha particles bounced straight back = atom has a solid mass
(nucleus)
3.Some alpha particles reflected = nucleus is positively charged

New Model = Nuclear Model

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The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Ernest Rutherford
 Explained the nuclear atom.
 Atom has a dense center of positive charge called
the nucleus.
 Electrons travel around the nucleus at a relatively
large distance.

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The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

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The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Erwin Shroedinger
 Background-
 (1887-1961)
 Thought Experiments (Schroedinger’s Cat)
 Excelled in Quantum Mechanics
 Born in Vienna Austria & Fled Germany in 1933
 Nobel Prize in Physics, 1933
 Did work on color, color perception, and Colorimetry.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Erwin Shroedinger - The Cat Paradox

 He said if you put a Live cat in
a chamber for and hour with a
Geiger Counter attached to a
hammer aimed at a glass jar of
Hydrocyanic Acid, and release
some toxins into the box the
cat may live or die.
 The paradox is that for a
moment the cat is a mixture of
Live and Dead though we see
it as either one or the other.

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Schrödinger
Major points
1. Electrons do not follow fixed
paths
2. They move randomly in areas
of probability (orbitals)
3. There are specific energies
associated with each orbital

New Model =
Quantum Mechanical Model

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

James Chadwick
 Background-
 (1871-1974)
 English
 Hughes Medal, 1932
 Nobel Prize in Physics, 1935
 Professor of Physics at University of Liverpool.
 Joined the Maud Committee (British) and then the
Manhattan Project.
 He proposed that there was a 3rd subatomic particle
he called the Neutron.
 It Helped to stabilize the protons in the Nucleus.
 Worked to Make The ATOM BOMB!

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Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Chadwick

2 Points to his theory

1. Discovered the Neutron – Same mass as a proton, but
without a charge
2. Mass could be converted into energy

Model was still thought to resemble the Quantum Mechanical

Model

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