DATA

MANAGEMEN
T
OBJECTIVES:
Uses a variety of
statistical tools to
process and manage
numerical data
OBJECTIVES:
Apply the measures of
central tendency,
dispersion, and relative
position in given certain
conditions.
OBJECTIVES:

Advocate the use of

statistical data in
making important
decisions
Data Management or
Statistics
• is
a science of collecting,
organizing, analyzing
and interpreting
numerical data.
Refer to the mere tabulation
of numeric information in
reports of stock, market
transactions, or to the body of
techniques used in processing
or analyzing data
Sampling method
covers how data
will be collected
Types of statistics
Descriptive statistics
refers to the collection,
organization,summary,
and presentation of data in
meaningful and
informative way
Inferential statistics
- Also called Statistical or
inductive Statistics, is
concerned with analyzing
the organized data leading
n prediction or inferences.
Itimplies that before carrying
out an inference, appropriate
and correct descriptive
measures or methods are
employed to bring out good
results.
BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS
Population-a collection or set
of things or objects under
consideration
Sample- a subset or
representative group of the
population
Variable- a characteristic of
interest that has been observed
or measured on every member
of the population or sample
 it varies across individuals or
objects
it includes age, race,
gender, intelligence,
personality type, attitudes,
political or religious
affiliation, height, weight,
marital status, eye color,
etc.
 Two types of Variable
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative VARIABL
 Discrete E
variable Quantitative Qualitative

 Continuou
s variable Discrete
variable
Continuous
variable
I. Qualitative/ Categorical
variable- describes the quality,
category, or character of an
element of a population or
sample.
Ex: Gender, Hair color
Level of satisfaction of a
student on his grade
II. Quantitative/ Numerical
Variable- describes the amount or
number of an element of a sample
or population.
Discrete takes on a countable
amount
continuous measured in a
continuous scale
 Dependent and independent variable

Dependent variable- the variable is being

predicted
Independent variable- the predictor
Example:

1.To predict the amount of sunlight on the

growth of a certain plant.
2.To evaluate the effect of using computer
to the performance of the students.
DATA
refers to the information gathered in a
research.
Factual information such as a basis for
reasoning, discussion, or calculation.
The raw material which the statistician
works. It can be found through surveys,
experiments, numerical records, and other
modes of research.
Primary data- information
gathered from respondents by the
researcher himself
Secondary data- information
obtained from published material
or data gathered by other
individuals or agencies.
Scales of measurement of
Data
Nominal or categorical data
Ordinal data
Interval data
Ratio data
Data Presentation
Note: the mere gathering of the
information or data is not a small task.
A greater task is to make the data
comprehensible and meaningful.
5
4 Series 1
3 Series 2
Series 3
2
1
0
Series1
The data gathered are summarized and
presented in different forms:
1. Textual Form- The data are
incorporated in the text of the report.
2. Tabular Form- The data are presented
in rows and columns.
3. Graphical Form- the data are presented
in graphics form for an “easy to digest”
Raw Data- data collected in an
investigation and they are not
organized systematically
METHODS OF ORGANIZING THE RAW
DATA
1. Array - ordering of the observation
from smallest to largest or vice versa. It
has advantages because the low and high
values can be readily perceived. The
process is tedious especially if the raw
data are numerous.
Example: A nationwide travel agency offers
special rates for package tours during
summer. To economize spending for the
advertisement only certain group of people
will be sent brochures for attraction. The
agency gets to previous passenger
customers from its files and groups them
according to ages. Only those age groups
with least people are sent brochures.
The following are the ages of the
previous customers:
59, 50, 52, 38, 80, 62, 77, 56,
60, 61, 58, 62, 51, 36, 54, 18,
71, 54, 44, 52, 26, 63, 58, 56,
41, 34, 61, 50, 60, 53, 62, 62,
53, 43, 63, 71, 65, 79, 45, 66.
I. An array from largest to smallest
80 79 77 71 71 66 66 66
63 63 62 62 62 62 61 61
60 60 59 58 58 55 54 54
53 53 52 52 50 50 50 45
44 43 41 38 36 34 26 18
II. A array from smallest to largest
18 26 34 36 38 41 43 44
45 50 50 50 52 52 53 53
54 54 55 58 58 59 60 60
61 61 62 62 62 62 63 63
66 66 66 71 71 77 79 80
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
 The data are arranged in tabular form by the frequencies.

Class Tally Frequencies Relative frequencies Percentage

10-19 I 1 0.025 2.5%

20-29 I 1 0.025 2.5%
30-39 III 3 0.075 7.5%
40-49 IIII 4 0.100 10%
50-59 IIIII IIIII III 13 0.325 32.5%
60-69 IIIII IIIII III 13 0.325 32.5%
70-79 IIII 4 0.100 10%
80-89 I 1 0.025 2.5%
Total 40 40 1.000 100%
Steps in the construction of Frequency
Distribution table
Deciding on the set of groupings called
classes,
Sorting or tallying the data into classes
and
Counting the number of tallies in each
class called class frequencies.
Steps in the construction of Frequency
Distribution table
Deciding on the set of groupings called
classes,
Sorting or tallying the data into classes
and
Counting the number of tallies in each
class called class frequencies.
Rules in construction of Frequency Distribution Table
 we seldom use fewer than 5 or more than 15
classes.
 The classes cover equal ranges of values and make
ranges multiples of numbers that are easy to work
with. Open classes should be avoided such as
classes of “less than” or “more than”.
 classes should not overlap.
 In the final presentation of the table, tally is usually
omitted.
 Finding the class interval
 Freud and Simon- suggested the formula in deciding the number of
classes.
True Limits and Class Marks
A Point that represents the halfway
point between successive classes is
called a true limit or class boundary.
It is obtained by adding the upper limits
of one class and the lower limit of the
next class and then divide by 2.
Class Frequencies X Relative frequencies Percentage

10-19 1 9.5 0.025 2.5%

20-29 1 19.5 0.025 2.5%

30-39 3 29.5 0.075 7.5%

40-49 4 39.5 0.100 10%

50-59 13 0.325 32.5%

60-69 13 0.325 32.5%

70-79 4 0.100 10%

80-89 1 0.025 2.5%

Total 40 1.000 100%

 Graphical Representation of Frequency
Distribution
Graphical forms- often more helpful in making a
stronger visual impact. Three charts that will
portray a frequency distribution graphically are
the histogram, the frequency polygon, and the
cumulative frequency polygon.
HISTOGRAM - it is a graphic representation
of a frequency distribution where adjoined
vertical rectangles are drawn on the horizontal
axis with the centers of the bases located at the
class marks. The class boundaries are plotted
against the frequencies. A histogram is called a
frequency histogram when frequencies are
plotted along the vertical axis against the class
boundaries.
FREQUENCY POLYGON – is a
closed figure of n sides constructed
by plotting the class marks against the
frequencies. In constructing a
frequency polygon, class marks
before the lowest and after the highest
class marks are drawn in order to
close the polygon.
OGIVE – is a line graph
representing the upper class
boundaries along the horizontal
axis. It is also called “less than”
cumulative frequency polygon;
otherwise it is the “greater than”
cumulative frequency polygon.
The “less than” and “greater than” Cumulative
Frequency Distribution
Class Frequencies f< f>

10-19 1 1 40

20-29 1 2 39

30-39 3 5 38

40-49 4 9 35

50-59 13 22 31

60-69 13 35 18

70-79 4 39 5

80-89 1 40 1
 PIE CHART – is a circle that
is divided into sectors-pie-
shaped pieces- which are
proportional in size to the
corresponding frequencies or
percentage of frequencies.