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ECE 211 Digital Electronics Unit 4

The document discusses different types of memory devices and programmable logic devices used in digital electronics. It describes read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), static RAM, dynamic RAM, and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). ROM is used to store permanent data and programmed during manufacturing. RAM can be written to and accessed randomly, with static RAM retaining data as long as power is on, while dynamic RAM requires periodic refreshing. FPGAs allow logic functions and interconnects to be programmed in the field through SRAM look-up tables and switches.

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Pradyut Sanki
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25 views20 pages

ECE 211 Digital Electronics Unit 4

The document discusses different types of memory devices and programmable logic devices used in digital electronics. It describes read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), static RAM, dynamic RAM, and field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). ROM is used to store permanent data and programmed during manufacturing. RAM can be written to and accessed randomly, with static RAM retaining data as long as power is on, while dynamic RAM requires periodic refreshing. FPGAs allow logic functions and interconnects to be programmed in the field through SRAM look-up tables and switches.

Uploaded by

Pradyut Sanki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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ECE 211 Digital Electronics

UNIT - IV

Memory Devices

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Programmable Logic Devices

Programmable Read-Only Memory

Programmable Array Logic

Programmable Logic Array


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ROM Block Diagram

1. It consists of n input lines and m output


lines. Each bit combination of the input
variables is called an address.
2. Each bit combination that comes out of
the output lines is called a word. The
number of bits per word is equal to the
number of the output lines m.
3. An address is essentially a binary
number that denotes one of the minterms
of n variables.

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32x4 ROM

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Combinational Logic Implementation using ROM

Truth Table

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Types of ROMs

1. Mask programming: fabrication process


2. Read-only memory or PROM: blown fuse /fuse intact
3. Erasable PROM or EPROM: placed under a special ultraviolet light for a given
period of time will erase the pattern in ROM.
4. Electrically-erasable PROM(EEPROM): erased with an electrical signal instead
of ultraviolet light.

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Programmable Logic Array

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Programmable Array Logic

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PROM Implementation

NOT, OR, NAND, XOR

A B F1 F2 F3 F4
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0

Fuse map
Address Data
0 A
1 F
2 7
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PLA Implementation
NOT, OR, NAND, XOR

A B F1 F2 F3 F4
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0

10

03/11/2023 Fall 2020 - ECE 211 Digital Electronics


PAL Implementation
NOT, OR, NAND, XOR

A B F1 F2 F3 F4
0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0

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4x4 Random Access Memory

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Random Access Memory

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Static RAM
• SRAM consists essentially of internal latches that store the binary
information.

• The stored information remains valid as long as power is applied to


the unit.

• SRAM is easier to use and has shorter read and write cycles.

• Low density, low capacity, high cost, high speed, high power
consumption.

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Dynamic RAM

• DRAM stores the binary information in the form of electric


charges on capacitors.
• The capacitors tends to discharge with time and must be
periodically recharged by refreshing the dynamic memory.
• DRAM offers reduced power consumption and larger
storage capacity in a single memory chip.

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• High density, high capacity, low cost, low speed, low
power consumption.

• Memory units that lose stored information when power is


turned off are said to be volatile.

• Both static and dynamic, are of this category since the


binary cells need external power to maintain the stored
information.

• In Nonvolatile memory, such as magnetic disk, ROM,


retains its stored information after removal of power.

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FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)

• FPGA is a VLSI circuit that can be programmed in the user’s


location.
• A typical FPGA logic block consists of look-up tables,
multiplexers, gates, and flip-flops.
• Look-up table is a truth table stored in a SRAM and provides the
combinational circuit functions for the logic block.

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FPGA Architecture

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Circuit for a programmable interconnect points

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References
1. Digital Design 5th Edition by M Morris Mano, PEARSON INDIA.

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