Applied Industrial

Mathematics
Basic Concepts, Mathematical Operations of
Fractions, Complex Fractions, Decimals,
Percentage, Ratio and Proportion, Measurement
LYCA L. ALVAREZ
AIM TEACHER
 • RESPECT
Virtual • Follow Instruction The
First Time It Is Given.
Classroom • Be In The Class On
Time.
Rules • Ask Permission Speak
Before You Open Your
Microphone.
 GRADING
SYSTEM
Written Works 40%

Performance Tasks 40%

Exam 20%
 ATTENDANCE

5 consecutive
absences DRP
 Dissemination of Learning Materials
• Messenger
(Links per meeting, Announcements and other related matters)

• Google Classroom
(Assignments, Activities, Quiz, Exam)
PROPER WAY OF SENDING A MESSAGE TO
YOUR TEACHER
Applied Industrial
Mathematics
Basic Concepts, Mathematical Operations of
Fractions, Complex Fractions, Decimals,
Percentage, Ratio and Proportion, Measurement
 MODULE 1
ZPPSU VISION and MISSION

As a result, at the end of this module, you must

be able to:

1. Articulate the ZPPSU Vision and Mission.

2. Relate the Vision and Mission to your program
of choice.
3. Explain the importance of classroom policies,
course overview, course requirement, and the
grading system.

20XX presentation title 9

 VISION MISSION

A world-class polytechnic Produce globally competent

university human capital and research
innovation for quality lives
 KEY CONCEPTS:

The following are the key concepts found in the ZPPSU

Vision and Mission:

1.Leading provider
2. Globally competitive
3. Research innovation

20XX presentation title 11

 MODULE 2
FRACTIONS

Since ZPPSU is a technical-vocational educational institution,

it is deemed necessary that students must be versatile in using
both systems of measurement. In the English system, fractions
are commonly used in some goods/commodities. Although
calculators are available, it is still considered beneficial to
students to be able to at least perform manually the
fundamental operations on fractions, that is, common
fractions and decimal fractions. However dealing with
fractions is considered by some people to be a “nightmare”.
Common fractions will still be needed and anybody who
works with numbers should know how to use common
fractions in solving everyday problems. 12
 Table of Contents
UNIT 1- BASIC UNIT 2 - MATHEMATICAL
CONCEPTS OPERATIONS ON
• Changing Whole or FRACTIONS
Mixed Numbers to
Improper fraction • Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication And
•Changing Improper Division Of Fractions
Fraction to Whole or
Mixed Numbers
•Equivalent Fractions

20XX presentation title 13

 Unit 1- Basic Concepts
Intended Learning Outcomes
After studying this unit, you are expected to:
➢ Change whole or mixed numbers to improper fractions;
➢ Change improper fractions to whole or mixed numbers;
and
➢ Express a fraction to its equivalent form.

20XX presentation title 14

 What is Fraction ?

It is number we need for measuring. A fraction is

a quantity represents equal part of a whole or a
collection.

20XX presentation title 15

A fraction is composed of two (2) terms:

𝑛 ❑
❑ 𝑛

NUMERATOR DENOMINATOR
is the number of pieces is the number of pieces that a
present in a fraction. unit is broken into a fraction.
We write it on the TOP We write it on the
part of the fraction. BOTTOM part of the
fraction.
16
For example: A watermelon

3
1 1 1
4 2 4

How is a FRACTION like One Third or One

read ? out of Three
 Proper Fraction Vs Improper Fraction

Proper Fraction Improper Fraction

A fraction like , whose value is A fraction like , whose value is greater

less than 1, is called a proper than 1, is called an improper fraction.
fraction. An improper fraction is a fraction
whose numerator is equal to or greater
In a proper fraction the
than its denominator.
numerator is less than the
denominator. A fraction like , whose value is equal to
1, is also called an improper fraction.

18
 LESSON 1

Changing Whole Or Mixed Numbers

To Improper Fractions

20XX presentation title 19

The Counting Numbers are those numbers used
to count objects. There is no greatest counting Lesson 1 :
number, but there is a least counting number,
namely, the number 1. This collection of Changing Whole Or
numbers is called the set of counting numbers. Mixed Numbers To
The whole numbers then, comprise the set of
Improper Fractions
counting numbers and zero.

20
Any whole number can be written as an improper fraction using the whole
numbers as the numerator and the number 1 as the denominator. For
instance…

4= 199=

Equivalent Fractions are fractions that have different numerators and denominators but
are equal to the same value.

Example

and

They are also both improper fractions.

21
 As previously stated, changing the whole
numbers to improper fractions makes
these numbers easier to use when
working with fractions and mixed
numbers.

20XX presentation title 22

 Example 1 : Change 3 to fifths
Solution :

Example 2 : Change 5 to eights.

Solution :

20XX presentation title 23

Example 3 : Change to an improper fraction.

Solution :

20XX presentation title 24

 LESSON 2

Changing Improper Fractions to

Whole or Mixed Numbers
Improper fractions are used in multiplying and
dividing mixed numbers. The answers to these
problems are then changed back to whole or
mixed numbers. This changing back process is
also called reducing.

20XX 25
Example 1 : Change to a whole number.
Solution :

Example 2: Change to a mixed number.

Solution :

20XX presentation title 26

 CHANGING A FRACTION TO LOWEST TERMS
A fraction is in its lowest terms when the numerator and denominator are prime to each
other, that is, when they share no common factor other than 1.

For example, 5 and 8 are prime to each other because 1 is the only number that will be
divide both without a remainder. The numbers 10 and 12 are not prime to each other
because both can be divided by 2 without a remainder. When working with fractions, you
will find it helpful to memorize the first seven or eight prime numbers. A prime number is
a number that can be divided only by itself and 1; the number 1, however, is not a prime
number.

The first 10 prime numbers are as follows. 2 (the only even prime), 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
23, 29

27
 Rule:
To change a fraction to lower terms, divide the numerator and the denominator by a factor common to both. A
fraction is in its lowest terms when the numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.

Example 1 : Change to lowest terms.

Solution :

Example 1 could also be solved by factoring the numerator and denominator into their
prime factors and cancelling as shown in the following solution.

20XX presentation title 28

Example 2 : Change to lowest terms.
Solution :
14 ÷ 7 2
=
21 ÷ 7 3
Solution by Prime Factor and Cancel Method:
The problem could also be solved by finding all the prime factors of 70 and 105 as shown
and cancelling the common 5 and 7 as shown and cancelling the common 5 and 7.

70 2 ×5 ×7 2
= =
105 3 ×5 ×7 3
Changing a fraction to its lowest terms is also called simplification
of the fraction.
20XX presentation title 29
 LESSON 3

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS
When adding, subtracting, or comparing fractions,
you must often change the denominator of a fraction
to some other denominator, usually a higher or
greater denominator. This is done by multiplying
both terms of the fraction by the same number that
is, multiplying the fraction by 1. Multiplying any
number 1 does not change the value of the number.
20XX presentation title 30
 RULE:
Multiplying both terms of a fraction by the same number gives a
fraction equal in value to the original fraction

Example 1 : Change to a fraction having 20 for its denominator.

Solution :

Example 2 : Change to a fraction having 64 for its denominator.

Solution : The denominator is the key!
You must ask yourself, “What
number multiplies 16 to give
an answer of 64?”
 CHANGING TWO OR MORE FRACTIONS TO
EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS HAVING A COMMON
DENOMINATOR
When fractions have a common denominator, it is easy to compare them and
determine which one is the greater by comparing their numerators – the
greater numerator is the greater fraction. To add or subtract fractions with
common denominators, add or subtract their numerators and place the result
over their common denominator.

The Lowest Common Denominator (LCD) of the desired fractions will be the
Least Common Multiple (LCM) of the given denominators. Very often the
least common multiple can be obtained at sight.
Example:
LCD of 2, 4, 8, 16 = 16

20XX presentation title 32

20XX presentation title 33
 What is LCD?
In math, it stands for either the Lowest Common Denominator or Least
Common Denominator meaning it is the smallest of all the common
denominators. Without it, we cannot add fractions with

One way of determining the LCD or LCM is by using prime factorization;

that is, by listing all of its prime factors.

For example, in determining the LCD of:

a) 6 and 8
b) 2, 4 and 8
c) 4, 10 and 12
20XX presentation title 34
20XX presentation title 35
 LCD of 6 and 8.
Explanation:

Multiply the factors 2,3,2 and 2

(last row marked LCD) which
yield the product of 24.
Therefore, 24 is the LCD of 6
and 8.

20XX presentation title 36

 LCD of 2, 4 and 8.

Explanation:

Multiply the factors 2, 4 and 8 which

yield the product of 8. Therefore, 8 is
the LCD of 2, 4 and 8.

20XX presentation title 37

 LCD 4, 10 and 12.

Explanation:

Multiply the factors 2, 2, 5 and 3

which yield the product of 60.
Therefore, 60 is the LCD of 2, 4
and 8.

20XX presentation title 38

 RULE:
To determine the LCD of two or more given numbers, express each given number as a
product of prime factors. Then, list each factor according to the number of times it
appears and find their products.

Example 1 : Change and to equivalent fractions

Solution :

1 1 8 3
8 3 4 12 5
5 2 5
10 5 1 5
= × = = × = = × = = × =
2 2 8 16
4 4 4 16 8
8 2 16
16 16 1 16

20XX presentation title 39

20XX presentation title 40
 Example 1 : Reduce and to equivalent fractions with the
lowest common denominator.
5 15 75
Solution : × ¿
8 15 120
3=
8= 2 40 80
10 = × ¿
3 40120

LCD = 1 12 12
× ¿
10 12120

20XX presentation title 41

20XX presentation title 42
Unit 2: MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS ON
FRACTIONS

Intended Learning Outcomes

After studying this unit, you are expected to:

 Perform the mathematical operations on fractions; and

 Solve problems involving fractions with application to

your field of specialization.

20XX presentation title 43

 LESSON 1

ADDITION OF FRACTIONS
It cannot be over emphasized that students often find
fractions a difficult topic to understand and that it
can trigger negative emotional responses in students.
Learning about mathematical operations on fractions
presents a challenge. One of the hindrances in
learning to understand mathematical operations on
fractions is the lack of conceptual understanding in
its rules and procedures.
20XX presentation title 44
 Example 1: Find the sum of , and .

20XX presentation title 46

20XX presentation title 47
 ADDITION OF MIXED NUMBERS
When adding mixed numbers, you will often
find it easier to add the mixed numbers if
their fractional parts have a common
denominator. Remember that the mixed
number represents a fraction added to a
whole number

20XX presentation title 48

 Example 1: Find the sum of , and

20XX presentation title 49

20XX presentation title 50
 LESSON 2
SUBTRACTION OF
FRACTIONS
To subtract two fractions, you must have a
common denominator. The procedure is
much like adding fractions, except that the
numerators are subtracted and the difference
is placed over the common denominator.

20XX presentation title 51

 Example 1: Take from
MINUEND
Is the number from which the
subtrahend is to be subtracted

SUBTRAHEND
A number is to be subtracted
from the minuend.

DIFFERENCE
Is the result subtracting one
number from another.

20XX presentation title 52

 Example 2: Take from

20XX presentation title 53

SUBTRACTION OF MIXED NUMBERS

To subtract two mixed numbers, you must use common denominators.

Subtract the fractional parts first and the whole number parts second. It may
be necessary to borrow a 1 from the greater whole number and add it to the
fractional part so the fractions can be subtracted. Usually, the minuend is the
larger number in a subtraction problem and the subtrahend is the smaller
number. The answer is called the difference.

20XX presentation title 54

 Example 1: Take from .

20XX presentation title 55

 𝟏 𝟒
𝟒 −𝟏
𝟖 𝟖

20XX presentation title 56

 LESSON 3
MULTIPLICATION OF
FRACTIONS
To multiply two or more fractions, multiply
the numerators and use that answer as the new
numerator; then multiply the denominators and RULE:
use that answer as the new denominator. It is The product of two or more
not necessary to find common denominators fractions is the product of the
when multiplying fractions. The product numerators over the product of
the denominators.
should be expressed in lowest terms.
20XX 57
 Example 1: Multiply by 5.
Solution:

20XX presentation title 58

 Example 3 : Multiply by .
Solution:

20XX presentation title 59

 Example 4 : Multiply .
Solution:

20XX presentation title 60

 LESSON 4

DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
To divide one fraction by another, multiply the
dividend (the number to be divided) by the
reciprocal of the divisor. The reciprocal of a RULE:
fraction is formed by using the numerator of To divide fractions, invert
the original fraction as the denominator and by the divisor (the second
using the denominator of the original fraction fraction) and proceed as in
as the numerator (inverting the fraction). multiplication. .
20XX 61
 Example 1: Divide by . KEEP
Solution:
SWITCH
FLIP

20XX presentation title 62

 Example 2: Find by 5. KEEP
Solution:
SWITCH
FLIP

20XX presentation title 63

 Example 3: Divide by 2 . KEEP
SWITCH
Solution:
FLIP

20XX presentation title 64

 PROBLEMS INVOLVING
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
Sometimes a problem involves more than two numbers and more than
one operation. If the operations are addition and subtraction and there
are no parentheses, then do the addition and subtraction from left to
right as the operations and the numbers occurs. If there are parentheses
in the problem, then do the operations inside the parentheses first. If the
operations are multiplication and division, you can do the multiplication
and division in any order. If parentheses are part of the exercise, you can
obtain the correct result by doing the operations inside the parentheses
before doing the operations outside the parentheses.

20XX presentation title 65

 Example 1: Find the value of .

( 𝟐 𝟕
×
𝟑 𝟖 ) 𝟏 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
÷𝟑 = ÷ =
𝟐
× =¿
𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟕

20XX presentation title 66

 UNIT 3: COMPLEX FRACTIONS
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, you are expected to:
➢ Simplify complex fractions; and
➢ Perform the required mathematical operations
on complex fractions

20XX presentation title 67

 UNIT 3: COMPLEX FRACTIONS
CONCEPT NOTES
Sometimes an arithmetic operation involves a
fraction where a fraction or a mixed number is the
numerator and a fraction or a mixed number is the
denominator. These fractions are called complex
fractions.

20XX presentation title 68

 LESSON 1
SIMPLIFYING COMPLEX
FRACTIONS
A complex fraction is formed by two fractional
expressions, one on top of the
other. There are two methods for simplifying
complex fractions. The one method is to
find the common denominators for the
complex numerator and complex
denominator.
20XX 69
Example 1: Find the value of the expression .

Solution:
 Example 2: Find the value of .
Solution :

20XX presentation title 71

 LESSON 2
MATHEMATICAL
OPERATIONS
ON COMPLEX FRACTIONS
The mathematical operations for complex
fractions are done by performing
the indicated operations on both its numerators
and denominators and then apply
the procedure in the simplification of complex
fractions.
20XX 72
Example 1: Find the value of
Solution:
= = = =

=3
 Example 2: Find the value of
Solution:

20XX presentation title 75

 MODULE 1
UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS
• LESSON 1: CHANGING WHOLE OR MIXED NUMBERS TO IMPROPER
FRACTIONS
• LESSON 2: CHANGING IMPROPER FRACTION TO WHOLE OR MIXED
NUMBER
• LESSON 3: EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS
UNIT 2: MATHEMATICAL OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
• LESSON 1: ADDITION ON FRACTIONS
• LESSON 2: SUBTRACTION ON FRACTIONS
• LESSON 3: MULTIPLICATION ON FRACTIONS
• LESSON 4: DIVISION ON FRACTIONS
UNIT 3: COMPLEX FRACTIONS
• LESSON 1: SIMPLIPYING COMPLEX FRACTIONS
• LESSON 2: MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX FRACTIONS
76