Microstructure of Iron Carbon Alloys (2.4 MB)

ENR116 – Mod. 3- Slide No.
ENR116 Engineering Materials
Module 3 Metals
Dr David Steele
School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering

ENR116 – Mod. 3- Slide No. 2
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Iron-Carbon alloys
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, students will be able to:-
• Identify the important phase transformations possible in the

Fe-C system.
• Identify the particular mechanical properties associated with

particular phases.
Bainite: Another Fe-Fe3C

Transformation Product
Bainite:
Needles of cementite,
800 Austenite (stable)
TE in ferrite matrix
T(ºC) A
P
600 100% pearlite
100% bainite  Fe3C

400 A B
(cementite)
(ferrite)
200
1 00
0%
50%
10-1 10 103 105

time (s) 5 m
Adapted from Fig. 10.17, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Adapted from Fig. 10.18, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.17 from Metals Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 8,
Metallography, Structures, and Phase Diagrams,
American Society for Metals, Materials Park, OH,
1973.)
Spheroidite: Another microstructure

for the Fe-Fe3C system
Spheroidite:

• Fe3C particles within an
(ferrite)
-ferrite matrix.
• Formation requires
Fe3C
diffusion.
(cementite)
• Heat bainite or pearlite at
T° just below eutectoid for
long time
60 m
• Driving force – reduction Adapted from Fig. 10.19, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
(Fig. 10.19 copyright United States Steel Corporation,
of the -ferrite/Fe3C 1971.)
interfacial area.
Martensite: A nonequilibrium
transformation product
Martensite: (FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
60 m
Martensite needles
Austenite
Adapted from Fig. 10.21, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.

Adapted from Fig. 10.20, Callister & Rethwisch 8e 10.21 courtesy United States Steel Corporation.)
Tempered martensite
Heat treat martensite to form tempered martensite
1800
Tensile Strength (Mpa)

Yield Strength (MPa)
1600 TS
9 m
1400 YS
1200 60
1000 50
%RA %RA
40
800 30
α ferrite 200 400 600
Fe3C (cementite) Tempering T (ºC)
Adapted from Fig. 10.33, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 10.33 Adapted from Fig. 10.34, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
copyright by United States Steel Corporation, 1971.) (Fig. 10.34 adapted from Fig. furnished courtesy of
Republic Steel Corporation.)
Steel to Coarse Pearlite?

Steel to Bainite to Spherodite?
10^2.5
Steel to Tempered Martensite?

Steel to 50% Fine Pearlite, 25% Bainite,

25% Martensite?
3s 50s
Phase transformations of alloys
Effect of adding other elements

 Change transition temperature
Cr, Ni, Mo, Si, Mn
retard    + Fe3C reaction (and

formation of pearlite, bainite)
Adapted from Fig. 10.23,

Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Continuous cooling
transformation diagrams
Conversion of isothermal
transformation diagram to
continuous cooling
transformation diagram
Cooling curve
Adapted from Fig. 10.25,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Summary of possible transformations

Adapted from
Austenite () Fig. 10.36,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
slow moderate rapid
cool cool quench
Pearlite Bainite Martensite

( + Fe3C layers + a ( + elong. Fe3C particles) (BCT phase
proeutectoid phase) diffusionless
transformation)
martensite reheat
t. martensite
Strength
Ductility
bainite Tempered
fine pearlite Martensite
coarse pearlite ( + very fine
spheroidite Fe3C particles)
General Trends
Summary
• Isothermal transformation diagrams identify the beginning,

mid point and end of a transformation.
• Using both isothermal and continuous cooling

transformation diagrams the microstructure for specific
heat treatments can be predicted.
• For Fe-C alloys many microstructures with different

mechanical properties can be prepared
Thank you

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ENR116 – Mod. 3- Slide No.

ENR116 Engineering Materials

School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering

The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under

Do not remove this notice.

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, students will be able to:-

• Identify the important phase transformations possible in the

• Identify the particular mechanical properties associated with

Bainite: Another Fe-Fe3C

100% bainite  Fe3C

10-1 10 103 105

Spheroidite: Another microstructure

Adapted from Fig. 10.21, Callister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig.

Tensile Strength (Mpa)

Fe3C (cementite) Tempering T (ºC)

Steel to Coarse Pearlite?

Steel to Bainite to Spherodite?

Steel to Tempered Martensite?

Steel to 50% Fine Pearlite, 25% Bainite,

Phase transformations of alloys

Effect of adding other elements

Cr, Ni, Mo, Si, Mn

retard    + Fe3C reaction (and

Adapted from Fig. 10.23,

Summary of possible transformations

Pearlite Bainite Martensite

• Isothermal transformation diagrams identify the beginning,

• Using both isothermal and continuous cooling

• For Fe-C alloys many microstructures with different

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