Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
An Introduction to RF
Circuitry
a) Wireless communication, such as cell phones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and 5G, enhancing connectivity and data
transfer.
b) Radar systems for object detection.
c) Weather monitoring.
3. RF & Microwave circuits operate in the frequency range typically ranging from 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
Introduction (2)
4. The RF spectrum is divided into various sub-bands, each with its own characteristics and applications.
Table 1 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Frequency Spectrum.
Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum Frequency Band Wavelength
Radio Waves Very High Frequency (VHF) ( 30 – 300 MHz ) 10 m – 1 m
Wall
To detect the location of objects contained within a wall, such as a concrete structure, < 960 MHz or 3.1–10.6 GHz
the side of a bridge, or the wall of a mine.
Through-wall
To detect the location or movement of persons or objects which are located on the 1.99–10.6 GHz
other side of a wall.
To detect the location and movement of objects near a vehicle, enabling features such 22–29 GHz
as near collision avoidance, improved airbag activation, and suspension systems that
better respond to road conditions.
Wide variety of other UWB devices, such as high-speed home and business 3.1 – 10.6 GHz
networking devices as well as storage tank measurement devices.
Introduction (4)
4. Microwave applications for heating and crushing normally use high microwave power which is up to megawatts.
5. Low microwave power (less than milliwatts) is widely used for domestic wireless communication or high-
frequency electronic devices.
a) Communication applications
b) Non-communication applications
7. Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications are normally classified as non-communication group.
Table 2 Microwave applications for communication and non-communication technologies.
Communication Non-communication
1 Communication network systems, such as high-speed 1 Sensors for industrial, agricultural/food and medical
home and business networking devices (modem and processing, such as moisture measurement,
router), Device to Device communication (M2M) ripeness/storage period determination, fruit sweetness
system, massive MIMO technology, Cloud Technologies, detection, control of milk of lime, monitoring of
and small cell access points. nitrogen/phosphorus content in fertilizer, medical
diagnostic, moisture soil testing, metal crack detector,
and storage tank measurement devices.
3 Navigation systems such as maritime navigation, Global 3 Industrial heating applications, such as casting waxes,
Positioning System (GPS), air traffic control, airborne sintering ceramics/metal powders, melting of
radars, and satellite communication. glass/rubber, metal coating, brazing, and paper/wood
drying.
Cont…
4 Wireless remote control for security and health care 4 Medical applications, such as hyperthermia treatments, bio-
systems such as automatic gate/door, automatic impedance instrumentation, medical diagnostic imaging (To
barrier systems, burglar alarms, industrial automation detect a location or movement of objects within a human
systems (Industry 4.0). body or animal body).
5 Vehicular radar systems to detect the location and 5 Material characterization fixtures (Materials including:
movement of objects near a vehicle, enabling features graphene, metamaterials, carbon nanotube, conductive
such as near collision avoidance, improved airbag polymer, high-temperature superconductor, aerogel, ceramics,
activation, and suspension systems that better respond semiconductor, polymer insulation, fibers, gases, and
to road conditions. chemical liquids).
6 Entertainment and information communication 6 Image scan systems to detect the images of buried objects,
devices/systems such as television broadcast, FM location of objects contained within a wall, location or
broadcast, radio beacons, maritime radio, Walkie movement of persons or objects which are located on the
Talkie, coastguard communication, satellite other side of a wall, as well as the intrusion of persons.
communication, weather radars.
7 Domestic communication devices, such as 4G/5G 7 Civil engineering applications (rock crushing, tar road
smart phone, computer, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi devices, comminuting).
wireless webcam, wireless microphones. 8 Radiation for agricultural pest control.
Course Summary
Course Summary
Example:
Output
Maximum power transfer
Input
Incident
Impedance Matching Techniques (2)
2. Mismatched impedances can result in signal loss, reduced efficiency, and signal distortion.
a) L-section Matching
b) T-section Matching
c) Quarter-Wave Transformers
d) Stub Matching
e) Smith Chart
L-section Matching Techniques
L-section Matching Techniques (1)
1. L-section matching is the simplest impedance matching techniques using two reactive components, namely series
and parallel inductors and capacitors.
3. The matching circuit is an L-shape consists of two reactive elements (reactance, X and susceptance, B)
Input Output/Load
Input Output/Load
Rin RL 1
B
Rin
X RL Rin RL 1 X L
B GL 1 R in GL 1 BL
X Rin 1 G R 1
L in
L-section Matching Techniques (3)
Example
A load with an impedance, ZL of 10 - j100 is to be matched with a 50 transmission line at 0.5 GHz. Design a
matching network.
Solution
Since Rin > RL (Rin = 50 Ω and RL = 10 Ω), thus
Rin RL 1 X RL Rin RL 1 X L
B
Rin
20 100
2
50
0.04
There are two sets of solutions: (B, X) = (0.04 S, 120 Ω) and (B, X) = (-0.04 S, 80 Ω)
L-section Matching Techniques (4)
Solution 2
B 0.04
C 12.73pF
2 f 2 0.5 10
9
X 120
L 38.2nH
2 f 2 0.5 10
9
Solution 1
1 1 1 1
C 3.98 pF L 2.55 nH
2 fX 2 0.5 10 80
9
2 f
2
C 2 0.5 10 3.98 pF
9
1 1
L 7.96 nH
2 fB 2 0.5 10 0.04
9
Example
A load with an impedance, ZL of 200 - j100 is to be matched with a 100 transmission line at 0.5 GHz. Design a
matching network.
Solution
Since Rin < RL (Rin = 100 Ω and RL = 200 Ω), thus
1
YL GL jBL
ZL
1
200 j100
0.004 j 0.002
B GL 1 Rin GL 1 BL
X Rin 1 G R 1
L in
1 1
0.004 1 0.002 100 1
100 0.004
0.4
Solution 1
1 1
C 2.6 pF
2 fX 2 0.5 10 122.4745
9
1 1
L 46.13 nH
2 fB 2 0.5 10 0.069
9
Example:
π-section Matching Techniques (1)
1. π-section matching consists of three reactive components which connected in pi-shape.
2. The three reactive components can be a combination of 2 inductors and 1 capacitor, or a combination of 2 capacitors
and
1 inductor.
The π-shaped matching network needs to be broken into two back-to-back L-shaped networks.
π-section Matching Techniques (3)
Step 2:
Connecting two L networks creates an additional virtual component, so-called virtual resistance, R that is located at
the junction of the two L networks.
Rhigh
R
1 Q2
where Q = fo/BW is the load-Q factor of the matching network determined by the center operating frequency fo and
bandwidth BW. Rhigh is the largest terminating impedance of the source, Rs or impedance of the load, Racc.
For the left L-shaped matching network, the Q-factor can be calculated as:
RS
QLeft 1
Rv
1 QLeft X L1 QLeft Rv
CS 1 L p1
2 f o X C1 2 f o RS 2 f o 2 f o
Step 4:
For the right L-shaped matching network, the Q-factor can be calculated as:
RL
QRight 1
Rv
π-section Matching Techniques (5)
1 QRight X L 2 QRight Rv
CS 2 Lp 2
2 f o X C 2 2 f o RL 2 f o 2 f o
π-section Matching Techniques (6)
Example:
To match a 1000 Ω source to a 100 Ω load at frequency, f of 50 MHz. The desires bandwidth, BW is 6 MHz.
Solution:
Step 1:
For the left L-shaped matching network, the Q-factor can be calculated as:
Rg 1000
QLeft 1 1 69.42 8.33
Rv 14.2
XL QLeft Rv 118.3
L1 376.7 nH
2 f o 2 f o 2 50 10
6
1 QLeft 8.33 1
C1 26.54 pF
2 f o X C 2 f o Rg 2 50 10 1000 2 50 10 120
6 6
π-section Matching Techniques (8)
Step 3:
For the right L-shaped matching network, the Q-factor can be calculated as:
RL 100
QRight 1 1 6 2.46
Rv 14.2
X L 2 QRight Rv 35
L2 111.25 nH
2 f o 2 f o 2 50 10
6
1 QRight 2.46 1
C2 78.34 pF
2 f o X C 2 2 f o RL 2 50 10 100 2 50 10 40.65
6 6
π-section Matching Techniques (9)
Step 4:
The sum of the two inductances (L1 and L2) are in series is given as:
Finally,
T-section Matching Techniques (1)
1. T-section matching consists of three reactive components which connected in T-shape.
2. The three reactive components can be a combination of 2 inductors and 1 capacitor, or a combination of 2 capacitors
and
1 inductor.
3. T-section matching provides impedance matching over a broader bandwidth compared to L-section matching.
The T-shaped matching network needs to be broken into two back-to-back L-shaped networks. Normally, the source
impedance, Rs = 50 Ω.
Rv 1 Q 2 Rsmall
where Q = fo/BW is the load-Q factor of the matching network determined by the center operating frequency fo and
bandwidth BW. Rsmall is the smallest terminating impedance of Rs or Racc.
After the Rv has been obtained, the impedance matching process can be achieved via two consecutive L-shaped
network-impedance matching processes.
Note: The virtual resistance, Rv is not a physical component present in the T-network rather it is a virtual component only used and calculated to determine
the values of the components of both individual L networks.
T-section Matching Techniques (4)
Step 3:
For the left L-shaped matching network, the Q-factor can be calculated as:
Rv
QLeft 1
RS
1 Rv
CS 1 L p1
2 f o RS QLeft 2 f o QLeft
Step 4:
For the right L-shaped matching network, the Q-factor can be calculated as:
Rv
QRight 1
Racc
T-section Matching Techniques (5)
1 Rv
CS 2 Lp 2
2 f o Racc QRight 2 f o QRight
Quarter-Wave Transformers
Quarter-Wave Transformers (1)
1. A quarter-wave transformer is used to match a real impedance ZL to Zo.
l = λ/4
Z o 50 Z1 Zo Z L ZL
Z in
l = λ/4
Z1 Zo Z L ZL
Z in
Quarter-Wave Transformers (2)
2. At l =λ/4, the input impedance, Zin.
Z12
Z in (1)
ZL
Z12
Z in
ZL
(2)
Z L jZ1 tan kl
Z1
Z1 jZ L tan kl
Z in Z o
in
Z in Z o
(3)
Z L Zo
Z1 Z o j 2 Z o Z L tan kl
Quarter-Wave Transformers (3)
Z L Zo
in 12 (4)
Z1 Z o 2 4Z o Z L tan 2 kl
Z L Zo
in cos kl (5)
2 Zo Z L
Quarter-Wave Transformers (4)
0 qm p-qm p
2
0 f m f o 2 fo fm
6. From (5),
max imum 2 Z LZo
cos m
1 max imum
2 Z L Zo
Quarter-Wave Transformers (5)
7. The fractional bandwdith, ∆f / fo is given by
f 2 f o f m
fo fo
2 Z L Z 0
4
2 cos 1 max imum
1 2 Z L Z0
max imum
Exercise :
SWR 1 1.5 1
max imum 0.2
SWR 1 1.5 1
f 4 2 ZL Z2
2 cos
1 max imum
fo 1 2max imum Z 2 Z L
0.2 2 50 10
4 1
2 cos
1 0.2 50 10
2
0.29 or 29%
Quarter-Wave Transformers (7)
Multi-Section Transformer
1. The multisection transformer is used to improve the bandwidth of the impedance matching. .
Quarter-Wave Transformers (8)
2. The multisection transformer consists of N equal-length sections of transmission lines.
where
Z1 Z o Z n 1 Z n ZL ZN
o n N
Z1 Z o Z n 1 Z n ZL ZN
Quarter-Wave Transformers (9)
4. From (6), the reflection coefficients, Γ can be grouped in pairs.
e jN 0 e jN e jN 1 e j ( N 2) e j ( N 2) ...
1
2e jN 0 cos N 1 cos( N 2) ... i cos( N 2i) ... N / 2 for N even
2
and
2e jN 0 cos N 1 cos( N 2) ... i cos( N 2i) ... ( N 1) / 2 cos for N odd
6. For binomial expansion, the total reflection coefficient, Γ can be written as:
A(1 e j 2 k ) N
N
A CnN e j 2 nk (7)
n 0
N
where Cn is the binomial coefficients:
N!
CnN (8)
N n !n !
From (8):
o 1 e 2 jk 2 e 4 jk ... N e 2 jNk
Z n 1 Z n
n
Z n 1 Z n x 1
ln x 2
1 Z n 1 x 1
ln
2 Zn
Quarter-Wave Transformers (12)
8. At 0o or kl 0 , the total reflection coefficient, Γ:
0 A(1 e j 0 ) N
A(1 1) N (9)
2N A
and
Z L Z0
0 (10)
Z L Zo
Z L Z0
A 2 N
Z L Zo
Quarter-Wave Transformers (13)
9. Now, we obtained information:
1 Z Z L Z0
n ln n 1 n AC nN A 2 N
2 Zn Z L Zo
Hence
Z n 1 N Z L Z0
ln 2 2 C
n
N
Zn Z
L Z o
ZL
2 ( N 1) CnN ln
Zo
Finally,
2 ( N 1) N Z L
n Cn ln
2 Zo
Quarter-Wave Transformers (13)
10. The reflection coefficient magnitude
1/ N
1 1
m cos max imum
2 A
f 2 fo f m
fo fo
4 m 4
1/ N
1 1
2 2 cos m
2 A
Example:
Design a three section binomial transformer to match 50 Ω load to a 100 Ω line.
Determine the characteristic impedance, Zn for each section.
Solution:
N=3, ZL = 50 Ω , Zo =100 Ω
Z L Z0 1 Z
A 2 N N 1 ln L 0.0433 Determine A
Z L Zo 2 Zo
3! 3! 3!
C03 1 C13 3 C23 3 Determine CnN
3!0! 2!1! 1!2!
Known that
Z1
ln 2 AC03 2( 0.0433)1 Z1 = 91.7 W
Z0
1 Z n 1 Z2
ln ACnN ln 2 AC13 2( 0.0433)3 Z2 = 70.7 W
2 Zn Z1
Z3
ln 2 AC23 2( 0.0433)3 Z3 = 54.5 W
Z2
Exercise:
Design a four section binomial transformer to match ZL = 150 Ω load to a Zo = 50 Ω line.
Determine the normalized characteristic impedance, Zn / Zo for each section.
1 ZL
A N 1
ln 0.0343 Determine A
2 Zo
4! 4! 4! 4!
C04 1 C14 4 C24 6 C34 4 Determine CnN
4!0! 3!1! 2!2! 1!3!
Z1 Z1 Z o 1.071
Known that ln 2 AC04 2(0.0343)1
Z0
1 Z n 1 Z Z 2 Z o 1.3157 1.071
ln ACnN ln 2 2 AC14 2(0.0343)4
2 Zn Z1 1.4091
Z3 Z 3 Z o 1.5092 1.4091
ln 2 AC24 2(0.0343)6
Z2 2.1266
Z4 Z 4 Z o 1.3157 2.1266
ln 2 AC24 2(0.0343)4
Z3 2.7980
Binomial Multi-Section Matching Transformer
Reflection coefficient magnitude, |Γ| versus frequency, f/fo for multi-section binomial matching
transformers of ZL = 50 Ω and Z0 = 100 Ω.
Example: Application
50 Ω
75 Ω
50 Ω to 75 Ω Convertor
Quarter-Wave Transformers (14)
Chebyshev Transformer
ATN sec m
Z L Zo
Z L Zo
Thus,
Z L Zo 1
A
Z L Z o TN sec m
Quarter-Wave Transformers (16)
For maximum magnitude of reflection coefficient, Γmaximum = A, therefore
Z L Zo 1
TN sec m
Z L Z o max imum
1 ZL
ln
2 max imum Zo
and
1 1 Z L
sec m cosh cosh
1
ln Tn ( x) cosh(n cosh 1 x)
N 2
max imum Z o
Example:
Design a three section Chebyshev transformer to match a 100 Ω load to a 50 Ω line.
Consider Γmaximum = 0.05.
Solution:
Determine the value of sec θm
1 1 Z L
sec m cosh cosh
1
ln
N 2 max imum Z o
1 1 1 100
cosh cosh ln
3 2 0.05 50
1.408
Determine the values of reflection coefficients, Γn
Know that:
At 0
A sec3 m 2 o
1 Z n1
But n ln Then ln Z n1 2n ln Z n
2 Zn
l1= λ/4
l2= λ/4
l3= λ/4
1. Single-stub matching technique uses a single open-circuited or short-circuited length of transmission line (a stub)
connected either in parallel or in series with the transmission line at a certain distance from load.
YL G jB
jB
Z L R jX
jX
Stub Matching (2)
2. The susceptance, B for the stub can be calculated as:
RL2t Z o X Lt X L Z ot
B
Z o RL2 X L Z ot
2
where
X RL Z o RL X L2 Z o
2
t RL Z o
RL Z o
Stub Matching (3)
3. The length of d can be calculated using:
1 1
tan t for t 0
d 2
1
2
tan 1 t for t 0
l 1 l 1 1
tan 1 B Z o tan 1
2 2 B Z o
Stub Matching (4)
Example:
A load with an impedance of 10-j100 is to be matched with a 50 transmission line at 1 GHz. Design two distributed
matching networks and compare them in terms of the bandwidth performance.
Solution:
2. Smith chart was originally conceived back in the 1930s by a Bell Laboratories engineer named Phillip Smith,
who wanted an easier method of solving the tedious repetitive equations that often appear in RF theory.
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (2)
R X
Smith Chart construction: Normalized impedance ZL
Zo
j
Zo
R Zo jX Z o
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (3)
Re(Z) = 0
Re(Z) = 1
Im (Z) = 0
Z 0 j0 Z j0
YC YD
Locations of the admittance: ZE
YB
YA (1.0 j 0.0) match
YB (0.5 j 0.5)
YC (0.0 j 0.0) open
YD ( j 0.0) short
YE (0.5 j 0.5)
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (5)
ZL 1 L
Normalized impedance, Z L
Zo 1 L
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (6)
Find the normalized admittance, Y from a given normalized impedance, Z = 1.0+ j 1.0
Using formulas Using Smith Chart
Z 1
Z 1
Constant |Γ| circle
1.0 j1.0 1
(1.0 j1.0) 1 Z 1.0 j1.0
0.2 j 0.4
1
Y
1
1 0.2 j 0.4
1 0.2 j 0.4
Y 0.5 j 0.5
0.5 j 0.5
Or 0.4472
1 1
Y 0.5 j 0.5 63.43o
Z 1.0 j1.0
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (7)
Find the input impedance, Zin of a transmission line terminated by a load impedance ZL.
Using Smith Chart
Z in
Z0 , k ZL
Le n
gt h
z = -l z=0 Constant |Γ| circle
l in
t erm
Given Z L 1.0 j1.0 and l 0.148 Z L 1.0 j1.0
s of
Using formulas
l
L
Z L 1 1 in 2kl
L Zin
Z L 1 1 in
1 j1 1 1 L e j 2 kl
Zin 1.4 j1.2
1 j1 1 1 L e j 2 kl
4
0.2 j 0.4 j 0.148
1 0.2 j 0.4 e
4
j 0.148
1 0.2 j 0.4 e
1.462 j1.117
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (8)
Using Smith Chart
Find the SWR, voltage maxima and minima.
Le n
Z0 , k ZL
gt h
Constant |Γ| circle
in t
z=-l z=0 Z L 1.0 j1.0
e rm
Z L 1.0 j1.0 l 0.148
s of
2 l
l
SWR 2.8
Using formulas Z in 2.8
Z L 1 1 L
L Voltage Min.
Z L 1 VSWR
1 L Current Max. Voltage Max.
Current Min.
1 j1 1 1 0.447
1 j1 1 1 0.447
0.2 j 0.4 2.617
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (9)
Example: A l =5.2 cm long, lossless 100 Ω line is
terminated in a load impedance ZL = 30 + j50 Ω. 0.13o
30 j 50 1 0.62
Z L 0.3 j 0.5 VSWR 4.2
100 1 0.62 Z L 0.3 j 0.5
Z 1
L L 0.62123.50
ZL 1
2
2kl 2 l 93.6
0
0
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (10)
Example: A 50 Ω coaxial cable, filled with a dielectric material of εr = 2.25, is connected to a generator with 50 Ω
internal impedance and 200 MHz signal frequency. The transmission line is terminated in an unknown impedance, ZL
at a distance of 10 cm from the generator.
a) Knowing that the input impedance, Zin at the source terminal was measured and noted as 25+j5 Ω, what is the
load impedance?
c) What should the length of the line be in order to have a real input impedance at the source terminal?
c 3.0 1010
0 100cm
Z in 25 j5 r f
2.25 200 10 6
10 2
Z 0 50 ZL ? l 10 cm 0.1 2kl 2 l 720
100
z= -10cm z=0 25 j 5
Z in 0 . 5 j 0. 1
50
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (11)
Solution:
3. Starting from Zin move toward load by 0.1λ on constant |Γ| circle. Constant |Γ| circle
0.48l
Z L 0.6 j 0.4 Z in 0.5 j 0.1
Z L Z L 50 (30 j 20) SWR 2.0
Z in 0.5 j 0.1
Z L 0.6 j 0.4
)l
Z 0 50 ZL ?
0.1
8+
4
(0.
z= -0.1l z=0
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (12)
Example: A length of TL with 50 Ω characteristic impedance is connected to a generator with 50 Ω internal
impedance and to an unknown load impedance ZL. The VSWR and the locations of the maximum and
minimum of standing wave are measured and the following information is obtained:
i) First voltage minimum occurs at a distance of l/5 from the load terminals.
Standing wave
Vmax /5
Vmin
Z 0 50 ZL ?
z= -l z=0
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (13)
Solution:
Draw the SWR=2.0 circle
SWR=2
1. Find the SWR=2.0 point on the Smith Chart. circle
VSWR =2.0
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (14)
Solution:
On the SWR=2.0 circle, start from Vmin point and go 0.2 λ toward load.
Z L 1.55 j 0.65
0.2λ
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (15)
Example: A transmission line with a characteristic line impedance Zo = 50 Ω line is terminated into the following load
impedances:
(a) ZL= 0 Ω. (b) ZL= ∞ Ω. (c) ZL= 50 Ω. (d) ZL=16.67 - j16.67 Ω. (e) ZL=50+j150 Ω.
Solutions:
(a) Γ = -1 (b) Γ = 1 (c) Γ = 0 (d) Γ = 0.54 ̸̸̸̲ 221ͦ (e) Γ = 0.83 ̸̸̸̲ 34 ͦ
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (16)
Polar Plot 90
1
120 60
0.8
0.6
150 30
e
0.4
0.2
a c b
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (17)
Exercise :
For an open-ended 50 Ω transmission line operated at 3 GHz and with a phase velocity of 77 % of the speed of
light. Find the lengths, d to create a 2 pF capacitor and a 5.3 nH inductor using the Smith Chart.
Z in jZ o cot kd
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (18)
Solution :
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (19)
Exercise :
For a shorted 50 Ω transmission line operated at 3 GHz and with a phase velocity of 77 % of the speed of light.
Find the lengths, d to create a 2 pF capacitor and a 5.3 nH inductor using the Smith Chart.
Z in jZ o tan kd
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (20)
Solution :
Example
A load impedance of ZL = 150 + j60 Ω must be matched to a Zo = 100 Ω
transmission line using shorted transmission-line stub in parallel with the
transmission line.
The stub acts as a reactance to cancel out the opposite reactance of the load.
Hence, find the length of the stub, l and the distance from the load, d.
Solution
Step 1:
Normalize the load impedance 150/100 + j60/100 = 1.5 + j0.6. Plot that on the
Smith chart at point A.
Step 2:
Draw the SWR circle. Then draw a line down from the center of the chart to the SWR
scale. It indicates an SWR of 2 to 1.
Step 3:
Draw a line from the center point through point A to the perimeter of the chart and
read the wavelength on the TOWARD GENERATOR scale. It is 0.052.
Step 4:
Move from point B clockwise around the SWR circle until it
reaches the R = 1 circle at point C. This value is the normalized
susceptance, B = 1 + j0.62. Draw a line from the center point
R=1
through C to the perimeter. It should read 0.15 λ.
Step 5:
Step 6:
The shorted stub should have the opposite susceptance of the load
or −j0.62. Connecting susceptances in parallel causes them to add
directly and cancel one another.
Serial Inductance
Parallel Inductance
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (22)
Serial
L2
Parallel
C2
Serial C1 C2
L2
10W
50W
C1 L1
L2 C1
50 L! 10
C2
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (23)
Example
Design an L-section matching network to match a series RC load with an impedance ZL=200-j100 Ω, to a 100 Ω line, at a
frequency of 500 MHz.
Solution
Normalized ZL = 2 - j1
Parallel L
(-j0.7)
Serial C
(-j1.2)
Zo= 1
ZL= 2-j1 Parallel C
Serial L (+j0.3)
(+j1.2)
Solution 1
Solution 2
Smith Chart (Impedance Matching Tool) (24)
Solution 2
B
C 0.92pF
2 f Z o
X Zo
L 38.8nH
2 f
Solution 1
1
C 2.61pF
2 fXZ o
Zo
L 46.1 nH
2 fB
2 ̶ j1
Microstript Line
(Analytical Analysis)
Analytical Analysis of Microstrip Line
Normally, it must have five inputs and two outputs as:
Five inputs: Example: Online Microstrip Line Calculator App
1. Dielectric constant substance:𝜀𝑟 http://www.emtalk.com/mscalc.php
2. Thickness substance: h
3. Operating frequency: f
Two outputs:
1. Microstrip line width: W
where
Z r 1 r 1 0.11 377
A o and B
0.23 2Z o r
60 2 r 1 r
Once the values of W are obtained from Equation (1), the length, L of the microstrip transmission line can be calculated as:
The c = 299792458 ms-1 and the effective relative permittivity, εeff of the microstrip line is given as (Pozar, 2012):
1 1 1 W
2
W
r
r
0.04 1 for 1
2 2 1 12 h W h h
eff
r 1 r 1 1 W
(3)
for 1
2 2 1 12 h W h
Microstrip Line Calculator MATLAB Code
Formulas and MATLAB Code (1)
8h exp A
W
exp 2 A 2 for 2
h
W
2h B 1 ln 2 B 1 r 1 ln B 1 0.39 0.61 W
for
h
2
2 r r
where
Zo r 1 r 1 0.11 377
A 0.23 B
60 2 r 1 r 2Z o r
MATLAB Code
Problem: Condition value of W is also the output value!
if >
A=(Zo./60).*sqrt((er+1)./2)+((er-1)./(er+1)).*(0.23+0.11./er);
W=8.*h.*exp(A)./(exp(2.*A)-2);
else
B=377.*pi./(2.*Zo.*sqrt(er));
W=(2.*h./pi).*(B-1-log(2.*B-1)+((er-1)./2.*er).*(log(B-1)+0.39-(0.61./er))); PREVIOUS NEXT
end
Formulas and MATLAB Code (2)
1. As know that:
60 8h W 1 1 1 W
2
W
ln r
r
0.04 1 for 1
eff 1 W 4h for
W
1
2 2 1 12 h W h h
h
Z o1 120 eff 1
W r 1 r 1 1 W
for 1
eff 1 W 1.393 2 ln W 1.444 h
1 12 h W
for 1
h 2 2 h
3 h
select select
For W/h > 2 case
2. For W/h = 2:
r 1 r 1 1 120
eff 1 Z o1
2 7 and
2
2 eff 1 3.393 ln 3.444
3
if Zo1-Zo >= 0
B=376.9911.*pi./(2.*Zo.*sqrt(er));
W=(2.*h./pi).*(B-1-log(2.*B-1)+((er-1)./(2.*er)).*(log(B-1)+0.39-(0.61./er)))
else
A=(Zo./60).*sqrt((er+1)./2)+((er-1)./(er+1)).*(0.23+(0.11./er));
W=8.*h.*exp(A)./(exp(2.*A)-2)
end
effo=((er+1)./2)+((er-1)./2).*(1./sqrt(7));
Zo1=(120.*pi)./(sqrt(effo).*(3.393+(2./3).*log(3.444)));
if Zo1-Zo >= 0
B=376.9911.*pi./(2.*Zo.*sqrt(er));
W=(2.*h./pi).*(B-1-log(2.*B-1)+((er-1)./(2.*er)).*(log(B-1)+0.39-(0.61./er)))
else
A=(Zo./60).*sqrt((er+1)./2)+((er-1)./(er+1)).*(0.23+(0.11./er));
W=8.*h.*exp(A)./(exp(2.*A)-2)
end
Once the value of W is obtained, the MATLAB code of L calculation using (2) is written as:
if W =< h
eff=((er+1)./2)+((er-1)./2).*(1./sqrt(1+(12.*h./W))+0.04.*(1-W./h).^2);
else
eff=((er+1)./2)+((er-1)./2).*(1./sqrt(1+(12.*h./W)));
end
L=((theta.*3e8)./(2.*pi.*f.*sqrt(eff)))...
-0.412.*h.*(((eff+0.3).*((W./h)+0.264))./((eff-0.258).*((W./h)+0.8)));
Parallel Coupled Microstript Line
(Analytical Analysis)
Parallel coupled microstrip line structures in Figure, are commonly used in phase shifter, filter, and directional
coupler designs.
The even and odd mode impedances, Zoe and Zoo of the coupled microstrip line are calculated using:
C C
Z oo Z o 1 10 20
Z oe Z o 1 10 20
Z oso C
(1) Z ose C
(2)
2 2 2 2
1 10 20
1 10 20
where Zo (≈ 50 Ω) is the characteristic impedance of the equivalent single microstrip line and C is the desired coupling
factor value (in unit dB).
Based on (1) and (2), the perfect matching of the coupled microstrip line is accomplished when the characteristic
impedance, Z o Z oe Z oo
The spacing gap, S between two coupled transmission lines can be determined as:
W W
cosh cosh 2
2 h so 2 h se
2h 1
S cosh
W W
cosh cosh 2 h
2 h se
so
where W W W
0.78 0.1 ,
h so h so h se
Z 7 4 r 1 1 r Z 7 4 r 1 1 r
8 exp ose r 1 1 8 exp oso r 1 1
W 42.4 11 0.81 W 42.4 11 0.81
Z
h se Z
exp ose r 1 1 h so exp oso r 1 1
42.4 42.4
The width, W of each transmission line can be predicted as:
h S
W cosh 1 (3)
2
W S S
cosh cosh 1 cosh 1
2 h se 2 h 2 h
2
The physical length, L (quarter wavelength) of the coupled microstrip line can be calculated as:
c
L
4 4 f c eff _ c
The relative effective permittivity, εeff_c of the coupled line can be found as:
2
eff _ e eff _ o
eff _ c
2
where εeff_e and εeff_o are the relative effective permittivity of the coupled line for odd and even modes, respectively.
The εeff_e and εeff_o can be predicted in term of even-mode and odd-mode capacitances (Ce and Co) as:
Ce Co
cCe Z oe cCo Zoo
2
eff _ o
2
eff _ e and
Ce _ Air Co _ Air
Ce C p C f C f and Co C p C f C ga C gd
where Cp and Cf are the parallel plate capacitance and fringing capacitance, respectively.
The odd and even modes capacitances (Ce and Co) of the coupled microstrip line circuit is shown in Figure.
14
o rW eff Cp Cf r
Cp , Cf , C f
h 2cZ o 2 h 10h W eff
1 tanh exp 0.1exp 2.33 1.5
S
S h
While, Cga and Cgd are the capacitance term in odd mode for the fringing field across the gap in the air region and in the
dielectric region, respectively.
K k S 0.02h r 1
C ga o , C gd o r ln coth 0.65C f 1 2
K k 4h S r
where
1 1 k
ln 2 , for 0 k 2 0.5
1 k
K k
K k
, for 0.5 k 2 1
1 k
ln 2
1 k
and
S
k h , k 1 k 2
S 2W
h h
close all; h1=cosh((pi./2).*Wh_se);
clear all; h2=cosh((pi./2).*(sh));
B=(h1.*(h2+1)+h2-1)./2;
Zo=50;
fo=10e9; Wh=(1./pi).*acosh(B)-(sh./2)
Zoe=66.67; s=sh.*h
Zoo=40.29; W=Wh.*h
Zose=Zoe./2;
Zoso=Zoo./2;
er=4.2;
h=0.00158;
r1=exp((Zose./42.4).*sqrt(er+1))-1
r2=(7+(4./er))./11
r3=(1+(1./er))./0.81
r4=exp((Zose./42.4).*sqrt(er+1))-1
rr1=exp((Zoso./42.4).*sqrt(er+1))-1
rr2=(7+(4./er))./11
rr3=(1+(1./er))./0.81
rr4=exp((Zoso./42.4).*sqrt(er+1))-1
Wh_se=8.*sqrt(r1.*r2+r3)./r4;
Wh_so=8.*sqrt(rr1.*rr2+rr3)./rr4;
Wh_so_1=(0.78.*Wh_so)+(0.1.*Wh_se);
g1=cosh((pi./2).*Wh_so_1);
g2=cosh((pi./2).*Wh_se)
g3=cosh((pi./2).*Wh_so_1)
g4=cosh((pi./2).*Wh_se)
A=(g1+g2-2)./(g3-g4)
sh=(2.*1./pi).*acosh(A)
eo=8.85418782e-12;
c=299792458;
k=(sh)./(sh+(2.*Wh));
k1=sqrt(1-k.^2);
k2=k.^2;
if k2 <=0.5
K=(1./pi).*log(2.*(1+sqrt(k1))./(1-sqrt(k1)))
else
K=pi./(log(2.*(1+sqrt(k1))./(1-sqrt(k1))));
end
if Wh <= 1
eff=((er+1)./2)+((er-1)./2).*(1./sqrt(1+(12./Wh))+0.04.*(1-Wh).^2);
else
eff=((er+1)./2)+((er-1)./2).*(1./sqrt(1+(12./Wh)));
end
Cp=eo.*er.*Wh;
Cf=(sqrt(eff)./(2.*c.*Zo))-(Cp./2);
Cf_1=(Cf.*(er./eff).^(0.25))./(1+(1./sh).*tanh(10./sh).*exp(-0.1.*exp(2.33-1.5.*(Wh))));
Cga=eo.*K;
Cgd=(eo.*er./pi).*log(coth((pi./4).*sh))+0.65.*Cf.*((0.02.*sqrt(er)./sh)+(1-(1./er.^2)));
Ce=Cp+Cf+Cf_1;
Co=Cp+Cf+Cga+Cgd;
eeff_e=(c.*Ce.*Zoe).^2;
eeff_o=(c.*Co.*Zoo).^2;
ereff=((sqrt(eeff_e)+sqrt(eeff_o))./2).^2;
L=c./(4.*fo.*sqrt(ereff))
End Coupled Microstript Line
(Analytical Analysis)
Zo B u 0.1 r 2 r s
2.4 ln coth
h u 1 r 1 r 2 h
s r 2 1 Zo B
coth exp
h r
u 0.1 r 2
2.4 h
u 1 r 1
W 299792458
where u and
h fo
E. Hammerstad
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP COUPLERS WITH
ACCURATE DISCONTINUITY MODELS
close all;
clear all;
er=2.2;
fo=10.0e9;
h=0.00158;
W=0.004868;
c=299792458;
lambda=c./fo;
B=0.00192;
Zo=50;
u=W./h;
x1=(u+0.1)./(u+1);
x2=sqrt((er+2)./(er+1));
X=exp((Zo.*B.*lambda./h)./(2.4.*x1.*x2));
sh=((er+2)./er).*acoth(X)