Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit 1
Unit:1
Microwave Networks and components
Applications of Microwaves
• There are a wide variety of applications for Microwaves, which are not possible for other radiations.
Wireless Communications
For long distance telephone calls
Bluetooth, WIMAX operations
Outdoor broadcasting transmissions
Remote pickup unit
Studio/transmitter link
Direct Broadcast Satellite
Personal Communication Systems
Cellular Video
Electronics
Phase shifters
HF generation
Tuning elements
Spread spectrum systems
• Large Bandwidth: The Bandwidth of Microwaves is larger than the common low
frequency radio waves. Thus more information can be transmitted using
Microwaves. It is very good advantage, because of this, Microwaves are used for
Point to Point Communications.
• Better Directivity: At Microwave Frequencies, there are better directive
properties. This is due to the relation that As Frequency Increases, Wavelength
decreases and as Wavelength decreases Directivity Increases and Beam
width decreases. So it is easier to design and fabricate high gain antenna in
Microwaves.
• Small Size Antenna: The antenna size can be smaller as the size of antenna is
inversely proportional to the transmitted frequency. Thus in Microwaves, we have
waves of much higher frequencies and hence the higher the frequency, the
smaller the size of antenna.
• Low Power Consumption: The power required to transmit a high frequency signal
is lesser than the power required in transmission of low frequency signals. As
Microwaves have high frequency thus requires very less power.
• Effect Of Fading: The effect of fading is minimized by using Line Of Sight
propagation technique at Microwave Frequencies. While at low frequency signals,
SECA1701-Microwave and Optical
the layers around the earth causes fading of the signal.
communication
Health Hazards of Microwaves
Basic current and voltage definitions for single, two port and
Multiport network are shown in the figure.
Equipment is not readily available to measure total voltage and total current
at the port of the network.
Short circuit and open circuit are difficult to achieve over a wide range of
frequencies.
S21 refers to the signal exiting at Port 2 for the signal incident at
Port1. Scattering parameter (S21) is the ratio of the two
waves b2/a1.
Scattering coefficients S13 and S23 are out of phase by 180° with an input
at port 3. Port3 is perfectly matched so S33=0
From Equation 8,
From Equation 9,
=0
Using the equations 10, 11, and 12 in the equation 6,we get,
This is the scattering matrix for E-Plane Tee, which explains its
scattering properties. Because of mismatch at any 2 ports the VSWR at the
mismatch port of either E or H tee jn is very high
VSWR=1+ /1- =3.0
SECA1701-Microwave and Optical
communication
H-plane Tee
An H-Plane Tee junction is
formed by attaching a
simple waveguide to a
rectangular waveguide
which already has two
ports. ...
This H-plane Tee is also
called as Shunt Tee. As the
axis of the side arm is
parallel to the magnetic
field, this junction is
called H-Plane
Tee
SECA1701-Microwave junction.
and Optical
communication
S- Matrix of H-Plane Tee/Shunt Tee
• The arms of rectangular
waveguides make two
ports called collinear
ports i.e., Port1 and
Port2, while the new one,
Port3 is called as Side
arm or H-arm
• The properties of H-Plane
Tee can be defined by its
[S]3×3matrix.
• It is a 3×3 matrix as there
are 3 possible inputs and
3 possible outputs.
SECA1701-Microwave and Optical
communication
It is a 3×3 matrix as there are 3 possible inputs and 3 possible
outputs.
Scattering coefficients S13 and S23 are equal here as the junction is
symmetrical in plane. From the symmetric property,
Because of plane
of symmetry of the
junction scattering
co-efficient s13
The port S33is perfectly matched : &S23 must be
equal, expressed
Now, the [S] matrix can be written as, as
S13=S23
Since
This is the scattering matrix for H-Plane Tee, which explains its
scattering properties.
SECA1701-Microwave and Optical
communication
Magic Tee
A Magic Tee or Hybrid Tee is a 4 port waveguide tee that is a
combination of an E-Plane and H-Plane Waveguide Tee.
• A magic tee has four ports:
• Port 1 - Co-linear
• Port 2 - Co-linear
• Port 3 - Difference Port
• Port 4 - Sum Port
• Operation of a Magic Tee:
• Case 1: When two signals of equal magnitude are fed from
port 1 and 2, we get a zero at port 3 and the sum of the two
signals at port 4.
• Case 2: When a signal is fed through port 4, it gets divided
equally between port 1 & 2 and both the outputs are in
phase. No output comes from port 3.
• Case 3: When a signal is fed through port 3, we get an
output of equal magnitude but opposite phase at port 1 & 2
(the signals are 180 degrees out of phase). Output at port 4
is zero.
• A magic tee is ideally lossless. But the biggest disadvantage
of magic tee is that reflections arise within it due to
impedance mismatches, which causes some level of power
SECA1701-Microwave and Optical
loss. These reflections can be minimized by optimizing
communication
S-Parameters of Magic TEE
• A Magic Tee or Hybrid Tee is a 4 port waveguide tee that is a
combination of an E-Plane and H-Plane Waveguide Tee.
• A magic tee has four ports:
Port 1 and Port 2 - Co-linear
Port 3 - Difference Port; Port 4 - Sum Port
-------(1)
S43=S34=0
S12=S21=0
S33=S44=0
lS13l= = lS14l
This means port 1 and port 2 are also perfectly matched to the junction.
The scattering matrix
for an ideal hybrid Tee
may be stated in the
following form
b1= 1/√2(a3+a4)
b2= 1/√2(a3-a4) -----(18) Hence in any 4 ports junction if any
b3= 1/√2(a1+a2) ports are perfectly matched to the
b4= 1/√2(a1-a2) junction then the remaining two ports
are automatically matched to the
A hybrid junction is a 4 port junction. such a junction where in all
network in which a signal 4 ports are perfectly matched to the
incident in any one of the junction is called magic tee.
ports divides between 2 Applications:
output ports with the 1.Measurement of impedance
remaining port being isolated 2.As duplexer
3.As mixer
4.As an isolator