Trig CH 2

Analytic Trigonometry
Barnett Ziegler Bylean

Trigonometric functions
CHAPTER 2
recap
• In ch 1 we first defined angles – our way of
measuring them was based on a circle
• We then narrowed our focus to angles of a
triangle and explored similarity of triangles
• We finally zeroed in on right triangles and defined
and named 6 ratios- forming relations between
angles and these ratios that are functions
• These functions however, have a very limited
domain -
Degrees and radians
CH 2 – SECTION 1
Radian
• For various reasons the degree measurement used with
triangle trigonometry is cumbersome and restrictive
• Therefore a new unit of measure was devised
• Definition:
• 1 radian = the angle which subtends an arc
that is 1 radius long
• Since a full circle is an arc of 360⁰ with an arc
length(circumference) of 2π
• 360⁰= 2π radians
Conversion factor
• 360⁰= 2π radians yields conversion factors
• Examples: convert the following angle

measurements
• 20⁰ 32⁰ 120⁰ 480⁰
• rad 1 rad 2.46 rad 7.9 rad
Arc length/sector area revisited
• since 1 radian subtends an arc with length of 1 radius
ө radian subtend an arc with length of ө radii
• in other words s = өr hence
• And which becomes
• Example: find the angle that subtends a 6cm arc on a circle with a
4 cm radius
• Example: find the arc length of an arc subtended by an angle of
radian 7 with a 9in radius
• Example : given a 22⁰ angle centered in a circle with 10 inch
radius, find the length of the arc it subtends
• Example: find the area of a sector enclosed by an angle of 1.7 rad
with a 4 in radius
The unit circle
CH2 – SECTION 3
Unit circle viewpoint of trig
• Sometimes looking at something from a different
viewpoint gives us useful information/tools with
which to answer various questions/problems
• Defining the trig functions by a triangle restricts
their use to angles 0 ⁰< ө⁰< 90⁰
• By using circles we have determined that angles
larger than this and smaller than this exist.
• We will now take a second look at our triangle
ratios
Addendum
• The equation for a circle is :
• (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
• where (h,k) is the point at the center of the
circle and r is the radius of the circle
Triangles and circles
For any point (x,y) on circle you
can draw an angle in standard
position where the terminal side
is part of a right triangle with
sides that are x any y long and a
hypotenuse that is r long.
This triangle is referred to as a

reference triangle. Its angle at
the origin is called a reference
angle
Through this triangle you can

associate the six trig ratios with
any point on the circle thus
expanding our domain to all
angles.
Using reference angles to find trig ratios
• Given a point (x1,y1) you can draw a circle centered at the origin
that crosses through the point and has a radius (r)
• The equation for the circle is x2 + y2 = r2
where
• You can then draw an angle in standard position whose terminal
side goes through (x1,y1) and construct a reference triangle with
angle ө at the origin. Although length is usually thought of a
positive number we could attach a sign to the length in order
to further describe the reference triangle
• The side opposite ө has length = y
• The side adjacent to ө has length = x
• And the hypotenuse of the triangle = r = x2 + y2
Using a point on a circle and a reference
triangle
• Let ө be the angle whose terminal side goes
through the given point and өr be the central
angle of the reference triangle
• A. (3,4) B. (-4, 7) c. (-2, - 6)
• D.
• There is a direct relation between the x
coordinate and cos(ө) and the y coordinate
and sin(ө).
Defining the trig ratios by the unit circle
• given x2 + y2 = 1 (called the unit circle) then for any point
(x,y) on the circle :
cos(ө)= x sin(ө) = y
sec(ө) = 1/x = 1/cos(ө)
csc(ө) = 1/y = 1/ sin(ө)
tan(ө) = y/x = sin(ө)/cos(ө)
cot(ө)= x/y = cos(ө)/ sin(ө)
• Note: this definition has done two things
1) it has expanded the domain of the functions
2) it has included negative values for the range of the
functions
NOTE
• We could have defined the trig ratios from a
generalized circle that has a radius of r.
• If we had then the definitions would read
cos(ө)=x/r sin(ө) = y/r
sec(ө) = r/x csc(ө) = r/y
But tan(ө) and cot(ө) remain the same as
when defined by a unit circle -
• Therefore the above relations are true for
points not on the unit circle
Using the definitions to evaluate trig
functions
• Given sin(ө) = and that the angle terminates
in the 3rd quadrant :
find exact values for cos (ө) and tan(ө)
• given tan(ө) = and cos(ө) <0
find exact values for sin(ө) and sec(ө)
•
More on Evaluating trig functions- given ө
• With a calculator – The calculator will deal

with the negative values of both ө and f(ө)
• Be certain that you are set in the correct
input mode (degrees/radians)
• Examples: find sin(ө) cos(ө) tan(ө)
ө = {135⁰, , 280⁰, ± }
However, it estimates the irrational values
Special angles and basic identities
CHAPTER 2 – SECTION 5
Trig identities
• An identity is a variable equation that is known to be always true
• In algebra the property statements are identities ex. Commutative
property
x +y = y + x
• We have already alluded to several trig identities. Knowing them
sometimes saves time and energy and sometimes is crucial to
working the problem
• I find that understanding each set helps me to remember them – you
will need to learn them
• The textbook lists all pertinent trig identities on its front cover and on
a tear out pamphlet. Flash cards might aid you in learning them.
• Use of the pamphlet/cards/ or book will be highly limited on tests-
probably mostly prohibited
Pythagorean identities
• Since x2 + y2 = 1 for our unit circle
• cos2(ө) + sin2(ө)= 1 for all values of ө
• Thus sin2(ө) = 1 – cos2(ө)

• cos2(ө) = 1 – sin2(ө)
Fundamental trig. identities
•
•
• Thus once we determine cos() and sin() the

other six values are quickly determined
More on identities
• We also noted earlier using triangles that complementary angles are related
cos(ө)= sin(90⁰- ө) and
sin(ө) = cos(90⁰- ө)
• Written in radian notation cos(ө) = sin() and

sin(ө) = cos()
• Ex: cos( 32⁰) = sin(58⁰)
=
• It is also well to note that full rotations ie ө and ө+ 360⁰(n)

or in radians ө+2πn
are co-terminal angles thus have the same trig ratios
• example: if sin(x) = .2981 then sin(x +14π) = .2981
•
And negative angle identities
• sin(-x) = - sin(x)
• cos(-x) = cos(x) ө
-ө
Special angles
• Using some basic geometry there are some
angles whose trig values can easily be found
exactly even though they are irrational
• angles that are co-terminal with or reference
to: (ө) cos(ө) sin(ө) tan(ө) sec(ө) csc(ө) cot(ө)
0⁰ | 0
30⁰ |
45⁰ |
60⁰ |
90⁰ |
Determine sign
• You can memorize the table
Ө values Cos sin tan sec csc cot
0 + 2πm < ө < π/2 + 2πm pos pos pos pos pos Pos
π/2 + 2πm < ө < π +2πm neg pos neg neg Pos Neg
π + 2πm < ө < 3π/2 + 2πm neg neg pos neg neg Pos
3π/2 + 2πm < ө < 2π +2πm pos neg neg pos neg neg
Ө = 0 + 2πm 1 0 0 1 undef undef
Ө= π/2+ 2πm 0 1 undef undef 1 0
Ө=π+ 2πm -1 0 0 -1 undef undef
Ө= 3π/2+ 2πm 0 -1 undef undef -1 0
• Or utilize reasoning using quadrants and a unit circle sketch

Finding exact values for special angles
• Any angle that is a multiple of the special
angles listed in the previous table is either
co-terminal to or referenced by one of these
angles
• Find exact values for: cos( sin
cos(135⁰) sec(- 120⁰)
• Find the smallest positive angle such that
sin(ө)= -0.5

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Analytic Trigonometry

Barnett Ziegler Bylean

• Examples: convert the following angle

This triangle is referred to as a

Through this triangle you can

• With a calculator – The calculator will deal

• Thus sin2(ө) = 1 – cos2(ө)

• Thus once we determine cos() and sin() the

• Written in radian notation cos(ө) = sin() and

• It is also well to note that full rotations ie ө and ө+ 360⁰(n)

• Or utilize reasoning using quadrants and a unit circle sketch

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