Inchon Landing

THE INCHON
LANDING
Japan’s Colony INTRODUCTION
Divided in 38th Parallel
North Korean Invasion
38th Parallel
UNSC Intervene and UN Force formed to
retaliate
INTRODUCTION
US JCS chose Gen MacArthur as FECOM
5000-to-one bet for Inchon
Strategic and Operational advantage
Utilisation of Principle of War and created

impact on Korean War
AIM
The aim of our presentation is to chronologically analyse Inchon Landing

and to evaluate the application of principles of war to Inchon landing
operation
SCOPE
 Backgd of the War - Capt Habeeb
 Location - Lt Christopher
 Assembly and Mov of Force - Lt Cdr Rajapaksha
 Pre Assault Prep - Lt Jaber
 Assault Ops - Lt Fadil
 Application of POW - Lt Zahir
 Impact of Inchon Landing - Lt (JG) Imam
 Lessons Learnt - S Lt Rajaofara
 Conclusion - Lt Cdr Balasooriya
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Causes
 Korea divided in to two-part: North and South
 North under communist Kim Sung II backed by

USSR & China
 South under military govt of Syngman Rhee backed

by US & UN
 Conflict of Ideology between Communism and Free

Capitalism
BACKGROUND
Causes
 DPRK invaded ROK on 25 Jun 50 & took control up

to Pusan in a quick succession
 Plan was to conquer South and unify under one

communist Korea
 UNSC passed a resolution and urged members for

armed retribution in order to provide support to ROK
 Gen MacArthur was given the comd of FECOM

BACKGROUND
Causes
 MacArthur planned a risky amph op in order

to cut off KPA supply line
 Plan was to utilise tactical surprise over

NKA
 23 Jul 1950 plan was discussed over US Inchon

Joint Staff Command
 15 Sep 1950 UN forces quickly landed in

Inchon & recapture Seoul from KPA
 After this ldg, UN forces pushed back KPA
BRIEF CHRONOLOGY
OF THE LANDING
OPERATION
LOCATION
 Close to Seoul
 Two sea approach: Flying Fish & East Inchon

Channel
 Good seaport, rail and road connection
 Max tidal range in harbour and channel was

31 ft
 Low tide made mud flat of 12-13 ft
 Flying Fish is 50 nm channel with depth of 30-

60 ft
ASSEMBLY OF FORCES
 1st Marine Div - Gen Smith and staff officers arrived
in Japan on 22 Aug from USA.
 7th Marine - Arrived Japan between 28 Aug – 6 Sep
 Battalion of marine in 2 vessels - Left Mediterranean

on 16 Aug
 Arrival at Pusan on 9 Sep to join 7th Marine as its 3rd

Battalion
 Remainder of 7th Marine - Arrived at Kobe on 17

Sep
 5th Marine in Korea - Received WngO on 30 Aug to

prepare for moving to Pusan to join the Division
FORCE ALLOCATION
 1st Marine Div - at Kobe (Japan)
 5th Marines - at Pusan (S Korea)
 7th Inf Div - at Yokohama (Japan)
 Most of the escorting vessels, the Gunfire Sp Gp,

and the Comd ships assembled - at Sasebo
(Japan)
FORCE MOVEMENTS
7th Inf Div –
11 Sep
5th Marine Div –

12 Sep
Flagship Rochester –
12 Sep
Mt McCkinley –
12 Sep
1st Marine Div –
11 Sep
Deception PRE-ASSAULT OPERATIONS
Spl Op
Mine Clearance Op
Recce
Preliminary Bombardment
ASSAULT OPERATIONS
 Landing on Green Beach and Securing Radio
Hill
 Securing Wolmi-Do
 Securing So-Wolmi-Do
ASSAULT OPERATIONS
 Landing on Red Beach and Blue Beach
 Securing Observatory Hill
 Securing the Beach head

Application of Principal Of War
Selection and Maintainance of Aim
1. MacArthur choose Inchon as landing

site as entire NKA was comitted to assault
Pusan
2. Not merely to land and form a beachhead
3. Despite the initial opposition from Jt Chiefs The Inchon MacArthur

of Staffs, MacArthur was determined on his Plan‘’We shall Plan &
plan land at Inchon and Strategy
I shall crush
Surprise
1. KPA fortified defence expecting attack

from southeast
Inchon
Seoul
2. UN forces utilised the unpreparedness
of KPA on the NW coast
Yokoham
3. Bypassing the fortified eastern coastline Kobe a
4. UN forces surprised KPA fol

unexpected route and catch the en off guard
5. Attacking unguarded spot

Concentration of Force
1. Initial naval gun and aerial

bombardment on Sep 14
2. Concentrated attack on Green

beach (Wolmi Is), Red Beach and Blue
Beach
3. Assault from three direction

scattered KPA defenses
5. Aerial bombardment by Marine

F4U Corsairs on the tanks.
Offensive Action
1. 43 American warplanes dropping 93 napalm canisters

over Wolmidoto clear the way for American troops
2. Naval Bomabrdment over fortification
3. Amphibious assaut from three direction
Logistics
1. Preparing logistic battlefield

2. Organizing the logistic force
3. Sourcing the resources
Cooperation
1. Navy landing the forces
2. the 1st Marine Division conducting the initial assault, followed by the
7th Infantry Division
3. Tactical air support was provided by the Navy and Marine Corps initially
4. LSTs were brought from Shipping and Control Administration, Japan

(SCAJAP)
5. Chartered Japanese merchant vessels.

IMPACT OF INCHON LANDING
Turning the Tide
 Caught KPA Off Guard
 Cutting Off KPA supply line
 Liberated Seoul
 Neutralised KPA significant gains
 International support
Altered Strat Bal
 Compelled KPA to reverse their

advance
 UN force could break out of

Pusan
 South Korean govt was restored

in Seoul
 Halted Korean march towards

communism
Extension of War
 Compelled KPA to fight on multiple fronts
 Severely damaged North Korean forces
 Compelled to retreat
 Capture of Pyongyang by UN forces
 Induction of China in the war

Boosted Morale
 Instilled a sense of confidence and pride

among the soldiers
 Foreseen the possibility of victory
 Restoration of control over capital
 International support and Recognition
 Confidence on Leadership
Effectiveness of Jt Op
 Proven the demand for excelling jointness

among services
 Halted KPA efforts due to a lack of

confidence
 Mass trust was achieved by the acts of UN
 Future large-scale joint op were encouraged

LESSONS LEARNT
Value of Sun Tzu’s Dictum
 Significant for a country’s warfare tactics
 Strategic planning, exploiting own strength while target enemy weakness
 Guideline to improve tactics, reduce causalities and win efficiently

LESSONS LEARNT
Importance of Intelligence
 Decisive factor in military operation
 Predicting and countering threats
 Turning the tide of a conflict
 Gathering intelligence to improve maritime domain awareness

LESSONS LEARNT
Importance of Joint Ops
 Modern warfare demands coordinated reactions to complex challenges
 Improves operational efficiency, effectiveness and combat capaity
 Sister services should develop a credible joint operation doctrine
 Requirement of Multi national effort for modern complicated conflict scenarios

LESSONS LEARNT
Risk of Overconfidence
 Overconfidence and underestimating en may protract conflicts
 Can lead to neglecting necessary preparation which may have adverse effect
 Can be a good lesson while planning a naval operation

CONCLUSION
 Inchon Landing is regarded as one of the most successful

amphibious operation
 The Inchon Landing shaped the Korean War
 Meticulous planning by General McArthur
 Boosted morale of the UN forces
 Overconfidence led to an extension of the war
 Justifies Sun Tzu’s dictum and a valuable lesson in the art of war
OPEN FORUM

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THE INCHON

Divided in 38th Parallel

North Korean Invasion

5000-to-one bet for Inchon

Strategic and Operational advantage

Utilisation of Principle of War and created

The aim of our presentation is to chronologically analyse Inchon Landing

 Korea divided in to two-part: North and South

 North under communist Kim Sung II backed by

 South under military govt of Syngman Rhee backed

 Conflict of Ideology between Communism and Free

 DPRK invaded ROK on 25 Jun 50 & took control up

 Plan was to conquer South and unify under one

 UNSC passed a resolution and urged members for

 Gen MacArthur was given the comd of FECOM

 MacArthur planned a risky amph op in order

 Plan was to utilise tactical surprise over

 23 Jul 1950 plan was discussed over US Inchon

 15 Sep 1950 UN forces quickly landed in

 Two sea approach: Flying Fish & East Inchon

 Good seaport, rail and road connection

 Max tidal range in harbour and channel was

 Low tide made mud flat of 12-13 ft

 Flying Fish is 50 nm channel with depth of 30-

 7th Marine - Arrived Japan between 28 Aug – 6 Sep

 Battalion of marine in 2 vessels - Left Mediterranean

 Arrival at Pusan on 9 Sep to join 7th Marine as its 3rd

 Remainder of 7th Marine - Arrived at Kobe on 17

 5th Marine in Korea - Received WngO on 30 Aug to

 1st Marine Div - at Kobe (Japan)

 5th Marines - at Pusan (S Korea)

 7th Inf Div - at Yokohama (Japan)

 Most of the escorting vessels, the Gunfire Sp Gp,

5th Marine Div –

 Landing on Green Beach and Securing Radio

 Landing on Red Beach and Blue Beach

 Securing Observatory Hill

 Securing the Beach head

Selection and Maintainance of Aim

1. MacArthur choose Inchon as landing

2. Not merely to land and form a beachhead

3. Despite the initial opposition from Jt Chiefs The Inchon MacArthur

1. KPA fortified defence expecting attack

4. UN forces surprised KPA fol

5. Attacking unguarded spot

1. Initial naval gun and aerial

2. Concentrated attack on Green

3. Assault from three direction

5. Aerial bombardment by Marine

1. 43 American warplanes dropping 93 napalm canisters

2. Naval Bomabrdment over fortification

3. Amphibious assaut from three direction

1. Preparing logistic battlefield

1. Navy landing the forces

4. LSTs were brought from Shipping and Control Administration, Japan

5. Chartered Japanese merchant vessels.

 Cutting Off KPA supply line

 Neutralised KPA significant gains

Altered Strat Bal