Thermodynamics 1 Chap#04 1
Thermodynamics 1 Chap#04 1
Thermodynamics 1 Chap#04 1
Chapter 4
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work
TotalBoundary Work done during the entire process, as the piston moves, is obtained by adding all the
differential works from the initial state to the final state
Wb is Positive for Expansion
Wb is Negative for Compression
Integral can be evaluated only if we know the functional relationship
between P and V during the process
i.e., → P = f (V) should be available
Total Area A under the process curve 1–2 is obtained by adding
differential areas dA:
A gas can follow several different paths as it expands from state 1 to state 2 Boundary work done
Each path will have a different area underneath it, and this area during a process depends
represents the magnitude of the work, the work done will be different for on the path followed as
each process well as the end states
If work were not a path function, no Cyclic Devices (Car Engines, Power
Plants) could operate as work-producing devices
The work produced by these devices during one part of the cycle would
have to be consumed during another part, and there would be no net
work output
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work
Pressure P in Eq. of W is actually the pressure at the Inner Surface of the piston
b
o It becomes equal to the pressure of the gas in the cylinder only if the process is Quasi-Equilibrium
⇒ Entire Gas in the cylinder is at the same pressure at any given time
Above Eq. can also be used for Non-Quasi-Equilibrium processes
provided that the pressure at the inner face of the piston Pi is used for P
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work
E.g.,
Boundary Work done by the Expanding Hot Gases in a Car Engine is used to overcome Friction
between the piston and the cylinder, to push Atmospheric Air out of the way, and to rotate the Crankshaft
=> Energy transferred by the system as work must equal the energy received by the crankshaft, the
atmosphere, and the energy used to overcome friction
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work
Polytropic Process
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work
Example
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of a gas initially at 200 kPa. At this state, a linear
spring that has a spring constant of 150 kN/m is touching the piston but exerting no force
on it. Now heat is transferred to the gas, causing the piston to rise and to compress the
spring until the volume inside the cylinder doubles. If the cross-sectional area of the piston
is 0.25 m2, Determine:
(a) the final pressure inside the cylinder
(b)the total work done by the gas, and
(c) the fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it.
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Problem: 4.5
• A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa
and 120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa
and 100°C. Determine the boundary work done during this process.
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Problem: 4.6
A piston–cylinder device with a set of stops initially contains 0.3 kg of steam at 1.0 MPa and 400°C. The
location of the stops corresponds to 60 percent of the initial volume. Now the steam is cooled.
Determine the compression work if the final state is (a) 1.0 MPa and 250°C and (b) 500 kPa. (c) Also
determine the temperature at the final state in part (b)
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work
Example
A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. Initially, one side of the tank
contains 5 kg of water at 200 kPa and 25 °C, and the other side is evacuated. The partition
is then removed, and the water expands into the entire tank. The water is allowed to
exchange heat with its surroundings until the temperature in the tank returns to the initial
value of 25°C. Determine:
(a) the Volume of the tank
(b) the Final Pressure, and
(c) the Heat Transfer for this process.
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Specific Heats
Specific Heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree in
a specified way
• Specific Heat at Constant Pressure, Cp: Energy required
to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance
by one degree as the pressure is maintained constant
⇒ OR
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Specific Heats
cp → changes in Enthalpy
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And Specific Heats Of Ideal Gases
It has been demonstrated experimentally (Joule, 1843) that for an Ideal Gas the Internal Energy is a
function of the Temperature only
Initially, one tank contained Air at a high pressure and the other tank was
evacuated
valve was opened to let Air pass from one tank to the other
until the pressures equalized
Joule observed no change in the temperature of the water
bath and assumed that no heat was transferred to or from the
Air
Since there is no work done → Joule concluded that the
Internal Energy of the Air did not change even though the
volume and the pressure changed
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And Specific Heats Of Ideal Gases
At low pressures, all Real Gases approach Ideal-gas Behavior → their specific heats depend on
temperature only
Specific heats of real gases at low pressures are called Ideal-gas Specific Heats, or zero-pressure specific
heats, and are often denoted as cp0 and cv0 27
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And Specific Ideal-gas constant-pressure
Heats Of Ideal Gases specific heats for some
u and h data for a number of gases have been tabulated gases (Table A–2c for cp
equations).
Tables are obtained by choosing an Arbitrary Reference Point and
performing the Integrations by treating state 1 as the Reference State
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And Specific Heats Of Ideal Gases
Example
A piston–cylinder device initially contains air at 150 kPa and 27 °C. At this state, the piston is resting on a
pair of stops, as shown in Fig., and the enclosed volume is 400 L. The mass of the piston is such that a 350-
kPa pressure is required to move it. The air is now heated until its volume has doubled. Determine
(a) the final temperature,
(b) the work done by the air, and
(c) the total heat transferred to the air.
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And Specific Heats Of Ideal Gases
On a molar basis
dh = cpdT and du = cvdT
For small temperature intervals, c value at the average temperature can be used and treated as a constant,
yielding:
Enthalpy Changes
⇒ =
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And Specific Heats Of Ideal Gases
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Problem: 4.51
Determine the enthalpy change h of nitrogen, in kJ/kg, as it is heated from 600 to 1000
K, using:
(a) The empirical specific heat equation as a function of temperature (Table A–2c)
(b) The cp value at the average temperature (Table A–2b)
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Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And Specific Heats Of Ideal Gases
Example
A 50-kg iron block at 80°C is dropped into an insulated tank that contains 0.5 m3 of liquid water at 25°C.
Determine the temperature when thermal equilibrium is reached.
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Problem: 4.65
A mass of 15 kg of air in a piston–cylinder device is heated from 25 to 77°C by passing current through a
resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is held constant at 300 kPa during the
process, and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs. Determine the electric energy supplied, in kWh
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